The energy integral
 

If we multiply equation (1)

(1)

by dx/dt and (2)

(2)

by dy/dt and add, we obtain the relation

(3)

Now

Also, r ² = x² + y² so that

Figure 1. The velocity of a planet in an elliptical orbit showing that at perihelion A and aphelion A' the velocity vector is perpendicular to the radius vector.
giving

Hence, equation (3) may be written as a perfect differential, namely

Integrating, we obtain
(4)
where C is the so-called energy constant and V is the velocity of one mass with respect to the other since

The first term, 1/2 V ², is the kinetic energy, energy the planet in its orbit about the Sun possesses by virtue of its speed. The second term, −μ/r, is the potential energy, energy the planet possesses by
virtue of its distance from the Sun.
What equation (4) states is that the sum of these two energies is a constant, a reasonable statement since the two-body is an isolated system, no energy being injected into the system or being removed from it. In an elliptic orbit, however, the distance r is changing. Equation (4) shows that there is a continual trade-off between the two energies: when one is increasing, the other is decreasing. If we wish to obtain an expression giving the velocity V of the planet, we must interpret the constant C. This is done in the following section.