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علماء الرياضيات | Projective Plane Crossing Number |
 1720
 01:31 صباحاً
date: 3-4-2022 |
Author : Archdeacon, D 
Book or Source : "A Kuratowski Theorem for the Projective Plane." J. Graph Th. 5 
Page and Part : ...|
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The projective plane crossing number of a graph is the minimal number of crossings with which the graph can be drawn on the real projective plane.
All graphs with graph crossing number 0 or 1 (i.e., planar and singlecross graphs) have projective plane crossing number 0.
A graph with projective plane crossing number equal to 0 may be said to be projective planar. Examples of projective planar graphs with graph crossing number 
include the complete graph 
and Petersen graph 
.
Embeddability in the projective plane (i.e., graphs with projective plane crossing number 0) are characterized by a set of exactly 35 forbidden graph minors (Glover et al. 1979; Archdeacon 1981; Hlinenỳ 2010; Shahmirzadi 2012, p. 7, Fig. 1.1). Note that this set includes the graph unions 
and 
, each member of which is embeddable in the projective plane. This means that, unlike planar graphs, disjoint unions of graphs which are embeddable in the projective plane may not themselves be embeddable. As of 2022, the plane and projective plane are the only surfaces for which a complete list of forbidden minors is known (Mohar and Škoda 2020).
Richter and Siran (1996) computed the crossing number of the complete bipartite graph 
on an arbitrary surface. Ho (2005) showed that the projective plane crossing number of 
is given by
![|_n/3_|[2n-3(1+|_n/3_|)].](https://mathworld.wolfram.com/images/equations/ProjectivePlaneCrossingNumber/NumberedEquation1.svg) |
For 
, 2, ..., the first few values are therefore 0, 0, 0, 2, 4, 6, 10, 14, 18, 24, ... (OEIS A128422).
Archdeacon, D. "A Kuratowski Theorem for the Projective Plane." J. Graph Th. 5, 243-246, 1981.
Glover, H.; Huneke, J. P.; and Wang, C. S. "103 Graphs That Are Irreducible for the Projective Plane." J. Combin. Th. Ser. B 27, 332-370, 1979.
Hlinenỳ, P. "20 Years of Negami's Planar Cover Conjecture." Graphs and Combinatorics 26, 525-536, 2010.
Ho, P. T. "The Crossing Number of 
on the Real Projective Plane." Disc. Math. 304, 23-33, 2005.
Mohar, B. and Škoda, P. "Excluded Minors for the Klein Bottle I. Low Connectivity Case." 1 Feb 2020. https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.00258.Richter, R. B. and Širáň, J. "The Crossing Number of 
in a Surface." J. Graph Th. 21, 51-54, 1996.
Shahmirzadi, A. S. "Minor-Minimal Non-Projective Planar Graphs with an Internal 3-Separation." Ph.D. thesis. Atlanta, GA: Georgia Institute of Technology. Dec. 2012.
Sloane, N. J. A. Sequence A128422 in "The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences."
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دراسة يابانية لتقليل مخاطر أمراض المواليد منخفضي الوزن
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