Died: 30 October 1989 in Leningrad, Russia

Dmitrii Konstantinovich Faddeev's father, Konstantin Tikhonovich Faddeev, was an engineer and his mother, Lubov' Germanovna, was a doctor. Konstantin Tikhonovich's father had an estate in the small town of Yukhnov, about 200 km south west of Moscow, and it was on this estate that Dmitrii Konstantinovich was born. Dmitrii Konstantinovich inherited his scientific ability from his father, who had been taught and advised by Aleksei Nikolaevich Krylov at the Moscow Higher Technical School, while from his mother he inherited outstanding musical ability.

It was in St Petersburg that Dmitrii Konstantinovich grew up, for it was there that his parents worked; Konstantin Tikhonovich worked at the famous Nevsky Metalworks, Mechanical and Shipbuilding Factory. In 1914 St Petersburg was renamed Petrograd and it was there that the Russian Revolution began in 1917. The city and its inhabitants suffered greatly through the Russian Civil War but when stability returned in 1923, Faddeev began his studies in mathematics at Petrograd State University while, at the same time, studying music at the famous Petrograd Conservatory on Theatre Square. Despite his extraordinary talent for the piano, by the time Faddeev reached his third year of study, he realized that he had to choose between mathematics and music. He left the Conservatory, by this time renamed the Leningrad Conservatory since the city had been renamed Leningrad in 1924, and concentrated fully on his mathematical studies. However, his love of music continued throughout his life and, the article written to celebrate his seventieth birthday records [4]:-

... he is a fine pianist, his playing of Schumann's piano music is unforgettable. His friends recall musical evenings where he and the late Vladimir Ivanovich Smirnov played beautifully many striking pieces of chamber music for four hands.

At Leningrad State University (as Petrograd State University was renamed in 1924), Faddeev was taught, and was greatly influenced, by Ivan Matveevich Vinogradov and Boris Nikolaevich Delone. After completing work for his diploma, he graduated in 1928. However, this was a very difficult period in Russia, with independent thinkers persecuted and many academics in fear for their lives, and it was difficult for him to advance his career ([31] or [32]):-

According to Faddeev's own words, it was difficult to find a professional job upon graduation and he had to work with various organizations, including the Weights and Measures Department, where he became addicted to smoking because of long breaks between instrumental observations. However, later his willpower helped him give up this unhealthy habit. Here is a curious detail: that period of time was characterized by a practically total deficit, including that of paper; hence, Faddeev had to write his long calculations on the underside of wallpaper.

In 1930 Faddeev married the mathematics student Vera Nikolaevna Zamyatina (who has a biography in this archive under her married name Vera Nikolaevna Faddeeva). They had three children, one of whom was Lyudvig Dmitrievich Faddeev (born 10 March 1934) who was educated in the Faculty of Physics at Leningrad State University and went on to become an outstanding mathematician and theoretical physicist producing ideas and results which are at the forefront of today's research.

Leaving the Weights and Measures Department in 1930, Faddeev taught at various Leningrad schools and also for a time at the Polytechnic Institute and the Engineering Institute. He began teaching at Leningrad State University in 1933 and, in 1935, he submitted his doctoral dissertation (equivalent to the habilitation). From 1932, he also worked in the Mathematics Department at the Steklov Institute of Physics and Mathematics of the USSR Academy of Sciences; the Department was headed by Vinogradov. The Mathematics Department had been set up as an separate department of the Steklov Institute in 1932 and, two years later, it became a separate Institute, namely the Steklov Mathematical Institute. At this stage the Institute moved from Leningrad to Moscow but, despite this, Faddeev continued to undertake joint work with others at the Institute. In 1940 the Leningrad Department of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics was founded and Faddeev worked there from that time on.

In 1937 Faddeev became a professor at Leningrad State University, taking on a more important leadership role since Delone had moved to Moscow. In September 1939, Russia, allied with Germany, invaded Poland from the east. This had little effect on life in Leningrad. However, in June 1941 the course of the war changed dramatically for those living in Russia since Germany invaded their country. By the following month Hitler had plans to take both Leningrad and Moscow. As the German armies rapidly advanced towards Leningrad, many people were evacuated from the city including Faddeev and his family. For the duration of the siege of Leningrad, Faddeev lived in Kazan, about 800 km due east of Moscow and considered safe from the German invasion. For a long time there was no opportunity to return to Leningrad which was only liberated from the siege in January 1944. Even after the siege was lifted, access to the devastated city was for a considerable time only possible with a special permit. Faddeev, and other academics, obtained such a permit and again Leningrad State University began to operate.

Much of Faddeev's early work had been done in collaboration with Delone, particularly the highly significant results he obtained on Diophantine equations. In [9] an overview of his research is given:-

Faddeev's mathematical legacy is unusually diverse. His primary area was algebra, but he made significant contributions to other areas such as number theory, function theory, geometry and probability. Faddeev had a profound influence on the formation and development of numerical methods in mathematics, and the book 'Numerical methods in linear algebra' which he wrote with V N Faddeeva, has been a reference source for several generations of specialists.

Let us now look at a more detailed description of some of his work. In [2] his early results on Diophantine equations are described:-

Faddeev's very first results in Diophantine equations were remarkable. He was able to extend significantly the class of equations of the third and fourth degree that admit a complete solution. When he was studying, for example, the equation x3+ y3= A, Faddeev found estimates of the rank of the group of solutions that enabled him to solve the equation completely for all A ≤ 50. Until then it had been possible to prove only that there were non-trivial solutions for some A. For the equation x4+ Ay4= ±1 he proved that there is at most one non-trivial solution; this corresponds to the basic unit of a certain purely imaginary field of algebraic numbers of the fourth degree and exists only when the basic unit is trinomial.

In 1940 Faddeev, in collaboration with Delone, published (in Russian) the book Theory of Irrationalities of Third Degree. This work included the results on Diophantine equations described in the above quotation and a wealth of other material. James V Uspensky begins a review as follows:-

The purpose of this outstanding monograph is to present all that is known at the present time about cubic irrationalities and such problems in number theory as are intimately connected with them. The book for the most part consists of the original investigations of its authors, and even that which has been contributed by other investigators is presented from a new and original point of view. Two features are very characteristic of the mode of presentation: on the one hand the extensive use of geometrical considerations as a background for the true understanding of complicated situations which otherwise would remain obscure, and on the other hand, the care shown by the authors in inventing effective methods of solution, illustrated by actual application to numerical examples and to the construction of valuable tables.

Also early in his career, while collaborating with Delone, Faddeev studied Galois groups. In particular he was interested in the inverse problem of Galois theory, namely given a particular group, classify the extensions of a given field with that group as its Galois group. In 1990 Faddeev, in collaboration with V V Ishkhanov and B B Lure, he published the Russian book The embedding problem in Galois theory which was translated into English and the translation published by the American Mathematical Society in 1997. Faddeev's work on Galois groups led him to the ideas of homological algebra independently of Samuel Eilenberg and Saunders Mac Lane. He introduced the idea of a cocycle and of relative homology (although he did not use either of these terms). He went on to apply his homology theory to investigate algebras over fields of algebraic functions. In joint work with Zenon Ivanovich Borevich (1922-1995), one of Faddeev's students, he began to examine integral representations of rings. Their joint work on this topic includes Integral representations of quadratic rings (1960), and Representations of orders with cyclic index (1965).

In the above overview of Faddeev's contributions, there is reference to his highly significant work on computational mathematics. Much of this work was done in collaboration with his wife Vera Nikolaevna Faddeeva but his first few papers on this topic are single authored: On certain sequences of polynomials which are useful for the construction of iteration methods for solving of systems of linear algebraic equations (1958), On over-relaxation in the solution of a system of linear equations (1958), and On the conditionality of matrices (1959). MathSciNet lists around 20 joint publications by Faddeev and his wife on numerical analysis including their most famous, the book Computational methods of linear algebra which appeared in Russian in 1960. They were awarded a State Prize for this remarkable monograph. It was translated into English and published in 1963, the same year in which an enlarged and revised Russian version was published. Note that in 1975 the two authors produced another major work summarizing work done on numerical linear algebra during the years 1962-1974. Unfortunately the English translation of the 1960 monograph left much to be desired and most reviewers comment on the deficiencies of the translation more than on the contents. However, J C P Miller [23] does note that the Russian book is an exceptional work:-

The original edition of this book in Russian is undoubtedly a very stimulating and valuable book, and translation into English is a very worthwhile task. The content of the book is comprehensive, with much material that does not appear to have been collected together previously.

There were, however, many other aspects of Faddeev's mathematical contributions in addition to his research [9]:-

In addition to a publication list of more than 160 titles, Faddeev's career was marked by his interest in education. He was known for his many students, his contributions to the structuring of contemporary mathematical education, his creation of internationally-known scientific schools, and his outstanding textbooks.

He was one of the founders of the Mathematical Olympiads for school children and he put considerable effort into organizing these events. The first Mathematical Olympiad took place in Leningrad in 1934. He produced a series of 'Problem' books aimed at pupils in various different years at high school. He also published, with the collaboration of Iliya Samuilovich Sominskii, Problems in Higher Algebra. This book was very popular, going through many (at least eleven) editions following its first publication in 1951, and an English translation appeared in 1965. H M Cundy, in a review of the English translation, writes [7]:-

This book consists of 983 problems (209 pages); hints to selected problems (37 pages), mostly the briefest possible; and 250 pages of solutions, ranging from mere answers to numerical problems to complete proofs ... The problems are grouped under seven heads: Complex Numbers, Determinants, Linear Equations, Matrices, Polynomials and Rational Functions of a single Indeterminate, Symmetric Functions, and Linear Algebra.

D J Lewis writes [22]:-

It is obvious that this book will be a valuable source of problems for any teacher or examiner. It could be a useful adjunct text in courses treating such topics.

As well as these 'Problem' books, Faddeev produced textbooks such as Lectures on algebra. This is an undergraduate text based on his lectures at Leningrad University. He also wrote the school textbooks Elements of higher mathematics for school-children and Algebra 6-8. In the Preface to Lectures on algebrahe explains his ideas about teaching abstract ideas:-

I consider that abstract concepts must be introduced to the extent that their introduction succeeds in stimulating in the students the need to generalise or, at least, a realisation that it is possible to illustrate sufficiently general concepts by more concrete material.

The contents of this book are: Integers; Complex numbers; Elements of the algebra of polynomials; Matrices and determinants; Quadratic forms; Polynomials and functions; Congruences in a ring of polynomials and field extensions; Polynomials with integer coefficients. Polynomials over factorial rings; Distribution of roots of a polynomial; Elements of group theory; Symmetric polynomials; Vector spaces; Euclidean space and unitary space; Elements of tensor algebra; and Algebras.

Articles:

1. A D Aleksandrov, M I Bashmakov, Z I Borevich, V N Kublanovskaya, M S Nikulin, A I Skopin and A V Yakovlev, Dmitrii Konstantinovich Faddeev (on the occasion of his eightieth birthday) (Russian), Uspekhi Mat. Nauk 44 (3)(267) (1989), 187-193.
2. A D Aleksandrov, M I Bashmakov, Z I Borevich, V N Kublanovskaya, M S Nikulin, A I Skopin and A V Yakovlev, Dmitrii Konstantinovich Faddeev (on the occasion of his eightieth birthday), Russian Math. Surveys 44 (1989), no. 3, 223-231.
3. P S Aleksandrov, M I Bashmakov, Z I Borevich, V N Kublanovskaja, A I Skopin, S L Sobolev and A V Jakovlev, Dmitrii Konstantinovich Faddeev (on the occasion of his seventieth birthday) (Russian), Uspekhi Mat. Nauk 34 (2)(206) (1979), 223-229.
4. P S Aleksandrov, M I Bashmakov, Z I Borevich, V N Kublanovskaja, A I Skopin, S L Sobolev and A V Jakovlev, Dmitrii Konstantinovich Faddeev (on the occasion of his seventieth birthday), Russian Math. Surveys 34 (2) (1979), 253-260.
5. Z I Borevich, S M Ermakov, A I Skopin and A V Yakovlev, Dmitrii Konstantinovich Faddeev (on the occasion of his 80th birthday) (Russian), Vestnik Leningrad. Univ. Mat. Mekh. Astronom. (1) (1988), 3-5.
6. Z I Borevich, Yu V Linnik and A I Skopin, Dmitrii Konstantinovich Faddeev (on his sixtieth birthday), Russian Math. Surveys 23 (1968), 169-175.
7. H M Cundy, Review: Problems in Higher Algebra by D K Faddeev and I S Sominskii, The Mathematical Gazette 50 (372) (1966), 203-204.
8. Dmitrii Konstantinovich Faddeev (obituary) (Russian), Zh. Vychisl. Mat. i Mat. Fiz. 30 (7) (1990), 1116.
9. Dmitrii Konstantinovich Faddeev: 1906-1989, Notices Amer. Math. Soc. 37 (6) (1990), 677-678.
10. Dmitrii Konstantinovich Faddeev (Russian), Algebra i Analiz 1 (6) (1989), 244-245.
11. Dmitrii Konstantinovich Faddeev, Leningrad Math. J. 1 (6) (1990), 1559-1560.
12. A S Householder, Review: Computational Methods of Linear Algebra by D K Faddeev and V N Faddeeva, Mathematics of Computation 18 (87) (1964), 512-513.
13. M K Kerimov, On the centenary of the birth of Dimitrii Konstantinovich Faddeev, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1907-1989) (Russian), Zh. Vychisl. Mat. Mat. Fiz. 47 (8) (2007), 1283-1286.
14. M K Kerimov, On the centenary of the birth of Dimitrii Konstantinovich Faddeev, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1907-1989), Comput. Math. Math. Phys. 47 (8) (2007), 1229-1231.
15. T Ya Kon'kova, V N Kublanovskaya and V N Simonova, On the development of certain ideas of D K Faddeev and V N Faddeeva in computational algebra (Russian), Zh. Vychisl. Mat. Mat. Fiz. 38 (12) (1998), 1955-1961.
16. T Ya Kon'kova, V N Kublanovskaya and V N Simonova, On the development of certain ideas of D K Faddeev and V N Faddeeva in computational algebra, Comput. Math. Math. Phys. 38 (12) (1998), 1877-1883.
17. V N Kublanovskaya, The contribution of V N Faddeeva and D K Faddeev in the development of computational methods in linear algebra (Russian), Algebra i Analiz 2 (6) (1990), 34-39.
18. V N Kublanovskaya, The contribution of V N Faddeeva and D K Faddeev in the development of computational methods in linear algebra, Leningrad Math. J. 2 (6) (1991), 1187-1191.
19. V N Kublanovskaya, D K. Faddeev's contribution to the development of computational methods in linear algebra (Russian), Zh. Vychisl. Mat. Mat. Fiz. 39 (2) (1999), 183-186.
20. V N Kublanovskaya, D K. Faddeev's contribution to the development of computational methods in linear algebra, Comput. Math. Math. Phys. 39 (2) (1999), 173-176.
21. D J Lewis, Review: Computational Methods of Linear Algebra by D K Faddeev and V N Faddeeva, Amer. Math. Monthly 73 (5) (1966), 560-561.
22. D J Lewis, Review: Problems in Higher Algebra by D K Faddeev and I S Sominskii, Amer. Math. Monthly 73 (5) (1966), 559.
23. J C P Miller, Review: Computational Methods of Linear Algebra by D K Faddeev and V N Faddeeva, The Mathematical Gazette 50 (373) (1966), 360-361.
24. On the occasion of the seventieth birthday of Dmitrii Konstantinovich Faddeev (Russian), Zh. Vychisl. Mat. i Mat. Fiz. 17 (6) (1977), 1339-1340.
25. On the occasion of the seventy-fifth birthday of Dmitrii Konstantinovich Faddeev (Russian), Zh. Vychisl. Mat. i Mat. Fiz. 22 (4) (1982), 771-772.
26. I R Shafarevich, Dmitrii Konstantinovich Faddeev (Russian), Algebra i Analiz 2 (6) (1990), 3-9.
27. I R Shafarevich, Dmitrii Konstantinovich Faddeev, Leningrad Math. J. 2 (6) (1991), 1159-1164.
28. V V Voevodin, A Yu Kuznetsov and E E Tyrtyshnikov, A tribute to goodness, intelligence and talent (Russian), Algebra i Analiz 2 (6) (1990), 10-33.
29. V V Voevodin, A Yu Kuznetsov and E E Tyrtyshnikov, A tribute to goodness, intelligence and talent, Leningrad Math. J. 2 (6) (1991), 1165-1186.
30. S V Vostokov and I R Shafarevich, Harmony in algebra (On the Centenary of the Birth of Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences D K Faddeev) (Russian), Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk 77 (7) (2007), 634-639.
31. S V Vostokov and I R Shafarevich, Harmony in algebra (On the Centenary of the Birth of Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences D K Faddeev), Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 77 (4) (2007), 404-409.
32. S V Vostokov and I R Shafarevich, Harmony in algebra (on the centenary of the birth of Dmitrii Konstantinovich Faddeev, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR) (Russian) Reprint of the 2007 original, Vladikavkaz. Mat. Zh. 10 (1) (2008), 3-9.
33. A V Yakovlev, D K Faddeev and St Petersburg algebraic school (Russian), Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta. Seriya 1. Matematika, Mekhanika, Astronomiya (1) (2008), 3-8.
34. A V Yakovlev, D K Faddeev and St Petersburg algebraic school, Vestnik St. Petersburg Univ. Math. 41 (1) (2008), 1-4