Born: 23 May 1606 in Madrid, Spain
Died: 7 September 1682 in Milan, Italy

Juan Caramuel's parents were the Luxembourg engineer Lorenzo Caramuel and Catalina de Frisia. As well as being a professional engineer, Lorenzo was also an amateur astronomer and he taught his son mathematical and astronomical skills at a young age. Juan was a highly intelligent boy and by the age of twelve he was constructing his own astronomical tables. As well as being taught by his father, Juan had several private tutors before starting his first formal education at a Jesuit school where he learnt grammar and rhetoric. After this he entered the University of Alcalá (near Madrid) where he studied philosophy and the humanities. He received an M.A. from the University of Alcalá having written a dissertation on Infinite Logic, after which he entered the Cistercian Order at the Monasterio de la Espina near Medina de Rioseco, Valladolid. He studied philosophy at the Monasterio de Montederramo, Orense, before going to theSanta Maria del Destierro of Salamanca to study theology. He was a brilliant scholar with an amazing flair for languages; he learnt to speak twenty languages including Latin, Greek, Arabic, Syriac, Hebrew and Chinese. Fleming writes about this period spent in Salamanca [2]:-

By Caramuel's day, Salamanca's golden age as a theological centre had passed, but [Caramuel] reveals that his training there greatly influenced his thinking about probabilism. Years later, he would credit a "great man", the Cistercian scholar Angel Manrique, with teaching him to understand the essence of intrinsic probability.

After leaving Salamanca he taught in the Cistercian college in Alcalá and in Santa Maria de Palazuelos in Valladollid. He travelled widely, going to Portugal and to Belgium in 1632 where he spent time at the Monastery of Dunes in Flanders. Settling in Louvain [2]:-

... he decided to supplement his academic credentials by applying for admission to the doctorate in theology.

He received a doctorate in theology from Louvain on 22 September 1638. He was appointed Abbot of Melrose, in Scotland, but this was only a nominal appointment and he did not visit Scotland. He taught at Louvain until 1644 and, while there, he planned the defence of the city and published works on military engineering. He also wrote at this time on other topics such as a work in which he argued that the King of Spain to had the right to rule Portugal. He published the philosophy work Rationalis et realis philosophia in 1642 and, in the following year, published his theological work Theologia moralis ad prima atque clarissima principia reducta which sought solutions to theological problems through applying mathematical rules. Much of Caramuel's scientific work was done during the period in Louvain [2]:-

He published works in mathematics and astronomy, corresponded with important scholars, and even experimented with a pendulum by hanging weights from a library roof. Yet what he failed to do, despite his continued efforts, was to obtain a permanent academic or ecclesiastical position.

At this time the Roman Catholic Church had many different Orders promoting their own version of the truth. In addition Protestant Churches were gaining support and the Catholic Church was working to reverse that trend. Caramuel was a Cistercian and in his writings he attacked Jansenism, a movement within theCatholic Church which considered itself following the teachings of St Augustus, but was attacked by its opponents, particularly the Jesuits, as having views close to Protestants. Caramuel, therefore, found favour with the Jesuits and also from the highly influential Fabio Chigi. His opposition to the Jansenists, however, prevented him from gaining the academic appointment in Louvain which he fully deserved for his scholarship.

He was appointed Abbot of Disibodenberg near Mainz and left Louvain on 9 February 1644 to journey to his new monastery. After stopping in Cologne he reached Frankfurt where he purchased Gassendi's Objections to Descartes' Meditations. After another stop in Kreuznach he reached Disibodenberg. He had been sent to this difficult area in an attempt to invigorate the Catholics in that part of Germany in their opposition to the spreading Protestant faith. This proved an almost impossible task - when he arrived he found the monastery half in ruins and the fighting between Catholics and Protestants in the area meant that he had to flee in fear of his life on several occasions. In 1647 he became Abbot of the Benedictine Monastery in Vienna and also Abbot of the Emaus Monastery in Prague, the residence of the Spanish Benedictines of Montserrat. He lived in Prague and, on 26 July 1648, he helped defend the city from an attack by the Swedes, one of the last pieces of military action of the Thirty Years War. He was honoured for this act with the award of a gold medal by the Emperor. However, his support for the Peace of Westphalia, which declared Catholics and Protestants equal, angered Fabio Chigi and other leading Catholics who refused to recognise the Treaty. Caramuel continued to write and publish many works, the most significant being Theologia moralis fundamentalis, praeterintentionalis, decalogica, sacramentalis, canonica, regularis, civilis, militaris (1652). His position within the Catholic Church was always difficult and he feared many times that the Inquisition would move against him. When his patron Fabio Chigi was elected pope in April 1655 (becoming Pope Alexander VII), Caramuel seems to have decided that he would be safer in Rome. Fabio Chigi, now pope, never quite supported Caramuel with the same enthusiasm following their earlier disagreements. However, in Rome Caramuel served as consulter to the Congregation of Rites and to the Holy Office. He did amazing work during an outbreak of the plague, disregarding his own safety by looking after the many ill people and arranging for those who had died to be buried. There were still problems concerning his views, and the Congregation of the Index banned some of his propositions and required him to "correct" Theologia moralis fundamentalis and issue a new edition. This second edition appeared in 1656, although scholars largely ignore this edition today, knowing that Caramuel's views are more correctly expressed in the first edition. He seems to have deflected most attacks on his writings, still having support from Pope Alexander VII. Although they did not attack Caramuel personally, leading Jansenists such as Antoine Arnauld and Blaise Pascal were strongly opposed to his views.

In July 1657 Pope Alexander VII made Caramuel bishop of Satriano in southern Italy and he moved there in 1659. This move appears to have been made by the pope because Caramuel was attracting too much controversy. Perhaps the pope warned him to keep his head down, for Caramuel published nothing during his first four years in Satriano. When he did publish again, it was Apologema pro Antiquisima et Universalissima Doctrina de Probabilitate (1663) which was quickly added to the Index of prohibited books. He reacted to the lack of support from the pope by setting up a printing press in Satriano to distribute his work. He wrote the fascinating Syntagma de arte typographica (1664) describing his methods of printing and publishing. In the encyclopaedia of mathematics Mathesis biceps, vetus et nova, published in 1670, he expounded the general principle of numbers to base n pointing out the benefits of some other bases than 10. Donald Knuth writes in The Art of Computer Programming Volume 2:-

The first published discussion of the binary system was given in a comparatively little-known work by a Spanish bishop, Juan Caramuel Lobkowitz, 'Mathesis biceps' (Campaniae, 1670) pp. 45-48: Caramuel discusses the representation of numbers in radices 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, and 60 at some length, but gave no examples of arithmetic operations in nondecimal systems (except for the trivial operation of adding unity).

In 1673 he was transferred to Vigevano near Milan. Certainly he was not going to allow the move to stop him printing his works so he set up a printing press in Vigevano. It was on this press that his important work on architecture Architectura civil recta y obliqua was published in 1678. Caramuel still had to resist attacks against views he had put forward forty years earlier [2]:-

In 1677, three members of the University of Louvain's theological faculty, journeying to Rome for the condemnation, made a detour to Vigevano to urge Caramuel to retract his propositions. The unexpected confrontation reduced the elderly bishop to a short fit of weeping. But after so long, Caramuel was hardly prepared to yield. Those who had not understood his views had distorted them, he told the unwelcome visitors.

Caramuel's eyesight became poor in the last years of his life but he was able to continue with his duties as bishop. In fact he was at an evening service in the cathedral when he died suddenly.

1. J Vernet, Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). 
   http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830900782.html

Books:

1. J A Fleming, Defending probabilism: the moral theology of Juan Caramuel (Georgetown University Press, 2006).
2. J V Lombrana, Juan Caramuel. Vida y obra (Oviedo, 1989).
3. D Pastine, Juan Caramuel (Florence, 1975).

Articles:

1. A Catalano, Juan Caramuel Lobkovitz (1606-1682) e la riconquista delle coscienze in Boemia, Römische Historiche Mitteilungen 44 (2002), 339-392.
2. R Cenal, Juan Caramuel. Su epistolario con Atanasio Kircher, Revista de filosofia 12 (1953), 101-147.
3. L Ceyssens, Autour de Caramuel, Bulletin de l'Institut Historique belge de Rome 33 (1961), 329-410.
4. D F Dieguez, Juan Caramuel, Revista mathematica hispano-americano 1 (1919), 121-127; 178-189; 203-212.
5. J A Fleming, Juan Caramuel on the Nature of Extrinsic Probability, Studia Moralia 42 (2004), 337-360.
6. M Gavilan, La Gramatica Castellana de Caramuel (1663), Estudios Humanisticos. Filologia (Universidad de Leon) 11 (1990), 95-116.
7. D Pastine, Dello scetticismo e del probabilismo all'operatività : Juan Caramuel, Rivista critica di storia della filosofia 30 (1975), 411-419.
8. D Pastine, Caramuel contro Descartes: Obiezione inedite alle Meditazioni, Rivista Critica di Storia della filosofia 27 (1972), 177-221.
9. A G Marino, Il colonnato di Piazza San Pietro: dall'Architettura obliqua del Caramuel al classicismo berniniano, Palladio 23 (1973), 81-120.
10. H H Nieto, Una interpretacion diversa de la aritmética natural segun un manuscrito de Juan Caramuel, Journal de la Société des Américanistes 65 (1978), 87-101.
11. F J M Pliego and J S del Cerro, Juan Caramuel y el Cálculo de Probabilidades, Estadistica Espanola 44 (150) (2002) 161-173.
12. L Robledo, El cuerpo como discurso, retorica, predicacion y comunicacion non verbal en Caramuel, Criticon 84-85 (2002), 145-164.
13. S Sousedik, Universal Language in the Work of John Caramuel, Acta Comeniana 33 (9) (1991), 149-158.