Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma

KERATINIZING SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA (KSCC)

• these are rare and typically occur in elderly males. Can originate from inverted papillomas.

 • exhibit same histological features as conventional squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

 • 5- year survival is 50– 60%.

NON- KERATINIZING SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA (NKSCC)

 • these also typically occur in elderly males.

 • 30– 50% harbour high- risk HPV.

 • Most common sites are the maxillary sinus, lateral nasal wall, and nasal septum.

 • histologically expanding nests or ribbons of non- keratinizing squamous epithelium sometimes with papillae.

 • 5- year survival is 50– 60%. Not yet known if HPV confers a better survival.

Sinonasal adenocarcinomas

INTESTINAL- TYPE ADENOCARCINOMA (ITAC)

 • Marked male predilection and usually arise in the ethmoid sinus and nasal cavity. there is a well- recognized association with occupational exposure, particularly in wood workers.

 • Most occur in ethmoid sinus>nasal cavity>maxillary sinus.

 • histologically similar to adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

 • prognosis depends on grade and stage. 68% 5- year survival.

NON- INTESTINAL-TYPE ADENOCARCINOMA (non-ITAC)

 • No sex predilection and wide age range. No known aetiology.

 • tend to involve the ethmoid sinus and maxillary sinus.

 • histologically low- grade tumours have a papillary/ tubular pattern. ‘Back- to- back’ appearance of single layer of uniform cuboidal/ columnar cells.

 • high- grade tumours are more diverse with solid growth pattern.

 SALIVARY-TYPE ADENOCARCINOMA

 • have an equal gender incidence and mostly arise in the maxillary sinuses. the most common histological type is adenoid cystic carcinoma.

 Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma

 • a rare, but highly aggressive, malignancy arising in the sinonasal tract.

• presents with a large mass with bone destruction.

 • histology shows sheets of undifferentiated epithelial cells with high mitotic activity and necrosis. there are no glandular or squamous features.

• prognosis is poor (35% 5- year survival)

NUT carcinoma

 • poorly differentiated carcinoma with squamous differentiation defined by presence of nuclear protein in testis (NUT) gene rearrangement.

 • Median age 21 years and occurs in midline structures such as the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.

• 50% cases present with lymph node or distant metastases.

 • poor prognosis— median survival

Olfactory neuroblastoma

 • rare sinonasal malignancy or neuroectodermal origin arising from the olfactory epithelium.

 • even distribution across all ages.

 • presents with nasal obstruction, anosmia, and headaches.

 • histology shows lobules/ nests of closely packed, small, round, blue cells which may form pseudorosettes or true rosettes, which are surrounded by sustentacular cells.

• a histological grading system from 1 (low) to 4 (high) is used (after hyams).

 • the 5- year survival ranges from 40% to 90%, depending on the stage and grade.

Malignant melanoma

 • very rare sinonasal malignancy which presents with symptoms of nasal obstruction, discharge, and pain.

 • histology shows malignant melanocytes which can grow in a multitude of different patterns.

 • More likely to have a KIT mutation or amplification and less likely to have a BRAF mutation than cutaneous melanoma.

 • prognosis is generally poor.

مواضيع ذات صلة

السرطان اللبي ( النخاعي ) Medullary carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cell cancer)

تدبير سرطانات الدرق المتمايزة بعد الجراحة

السرطان الحليمي Papillary carcinoma

العقدة الدرقية الوحيدة

السلعة السمية متعددة العقد Toxic multinodular goiter

Colorectal carcinoma

Colorectal polyps

Breast cancer

أورام الغدد اللعابية

الكيسات الغلصمية Branchial cleft cysts

الكيسة الدرقية اللسانية