Polyglycolic Acid (PGA)

It is the simplest linear polyester, consisting only of a methylenic group between the ester linkages. It may be synthesized in a way quite similar to that of PLA, by the ring opening polymerization of glycolide, that is the cyclic dimer of glycolic acid. The glass transition temperature of the homopolymer is about 35-40 °C and the melting temperature is about 225-230 °C.

 Glycolate is copolymerized with lactate in order to obtain a copolymer with appropriate stiffness and elongation capacity (known as PLAGA). Among the manufacturers are American Cyanamid (Dexon), DuPont (Vicryl) and Kureha (Kuredux). The biodegradation of the PGA is usually faster than that of PLA, although an initial stage of abiotic hydrolysis appears to be necessary, since the polymer has a phase in the crystalline state and another in the amorphous glassy state.

PGA and its copolymers with lactic acid have very important medical applications: body absorbable sutures; ligaments reestablishment, through resorbable plates and screws; drugs of controlled release; grafting of arteries; etc. Although the homopolymers PGA and D-PLA are not biodegradable, copolymers of glycolic acid and D-lactic acid, which may still contain L-lactic acid, are usually biodegradable by lipase enzymes. The degradation of PGA seems to follow the same steps of PLA: diffusion of water into the amorphous region, with degradation and erosion; hydrolytic attack of the crystalline region; and biodegradation of monomers and oligomers dissolved in water.