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Grammar

Tenses

Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous

Past

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous

Past Simple

Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous

Passive and Active

Parts Of Speech

Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective

Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pre Position

Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition

Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

Interjections

Express calling interjection

Grammar Rules

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Semantics

Pragmatics

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced

English Language : Linguistics : Semantics :

Other types of meaning

المؤلف:  David Hornsby

المصدر:  Linguistics A complete introduction

الجزء والصفحة:  194-9

2023-12-26

991

Other types of meaning

Not all meaning conveys propositional content, i.e. information or an opinion about the state of the world. For example, when Kermit the Frog uttered the immortal words: ‘Good grief! The comedian’s a bear!’ his opening exclamation ‘Good grief!’ conveyed no meaning which can be expressed in terms of truth conditions, but rather an expressive (or affective) meaning, indicating his feelings about the event he is reporting.

 

Arguably, most if not all utterances carry an element of expressive meaning, which is not always easy to disentangle from the propositional meaning. ‘He’s running for President’, for example, looks like a statement, but uttered with a rising tone at the end and perhaps a stress on the final word, it might convey incredulity or disbelief on the part of the speaker (‘He’s running for PRESIDENT?!’).

 

Another kind of meaning is what many linguists call phatic communion, which encompasses those seemingly meaningless pleasantries which in many societies are important ways of signalling shared membership of a community. When someone asks ‘How are you?’ in most cases he/she is not looking for a detailed account of your current state of health: it’s simply a social ritual designed to show that you matter as a human being.

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