Places and manners of articulation

Liquids

In this group, we look at sounds that are known as ‘l-sounds’ and ‘r-sounds’, which present a wide variety. The voiced alveolar approximant [l], found in English, is one of the most common laterals in languages. Palatal [ʎ], which is found in languages such as Italian and Portuguese, is another common lateral approximant. Laterals are most likely to be approximants and voiced; however, neither of these qualities is necessarily the case. Fricative laterals are more commonly voiceless (e.g. voiceless, alveolar fricative [ɬ], as in Welsh).

The r-sounds, while they all are normally voiced, present a wider range in types than laterals. It is common to see a distinction between ‘continuant’ and ‘interrupted’ r-sounds. The r-sounds of English (retroflex approximant in American English, [ɹ̣], alveolar approximant in British English, [ɹ]) are examples of continuants.

More commonly, r-sounds belong to one of the ‘interrupted’ types (taps, flaps, trills). Both taps and flaps involve a momentary contact between the articulators. The Spanish [ɾ], in caro [kaɾo] “expensive” (or the American English intervocalic /t/, as in writer), is made with a flicking movement of the tip of the tongue against the upper articulator. Taps are sometimes equated with flaps, which is not accurate. First, taps are mostly dental/alveolar while flaps are retroflex. Also, these two sounds are different in direction of the movement; in taps we have a movement from up to down, and in flaps from back to front.

Trills are produced by the repeated tapping of one flexible articulator against the other. The dental/alveolar trill, [r], (e.g. Spanish perro [pero] “dog”) is one of the most common in languages of the world. Also note-worthy is the uvular trill, [R], which is found in German and in some varieties of French (e.g. [Ruʒ] “red”). In some other varieties of French (e.g. Parisian), this sound is a uvular fricative or approximant (e.g. [ʁuʒ] “red”). Sometimes a trill may be accompanied with friction. The Czech r-sound [r̝] is a good example of a voiced alveolar fricative trill (e.g. Dvorak [dvor̝ak]).

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مواضيع ذات صلة

Spelling and Pronunciation SUMMARY

American English vs. British English

Morphological Basis of English Spelling

Phoneme–Grapheme Correspondences in English Vowels

Phoneme–Grapheme Correspondences in English Consonants

Spelling and Pronunciation Irregularity of English Spelling

Structural Factors in Second Language Phonology SUMMARY

Perception

Optimality Theory (OT)

Ontogeny Phylogeny Model (OPM)

Markedness

Hypercontrast