Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Teaching Methods
Teaching Strategies
Context, coarticulation effects and undershoot in vowel transcription
المؤلف:
John Ingram and Peter Mühlhäusler
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
790-43
2024-05-06
878
+
-
20
Context, coarticulation effects and undershoot in vowel transcription
Consistent with the view that vowel sounds are interpreted by the ear as contextually coherent linguistic targets, the decision was taken to represent familiar-sounding vowels and diphthongs as they were perceived/heard in whole-word citation forms. The ear always evaluates speech sounds in context and automatically compensates for coarticulation effects and articulatory undershoot, hearing the intended target, rather than the ‘underachieved’ peak in the attained formant trajectory.
For example, in the Norfuk vowel cluster (describable as a diphthong followed by a short vowel or as a triphthong) of the word fire, the second element is perceived as a high front vowel [i] or [ɪ]. But if one attends only to the central region of the vowel cluster, isolated from context, this segment has the auditory quality of a low or mid-low front or central vowel [æ] - [ə]. Clearly, this is a case of articulatory undershoot of the off-glide target of the diphthong. Our speech perception mechanism automatically compensates for articulatory undershoot when listening to the vowel in whole-word context. In so doing, tacit phonetic and phonological knowledge of the listener is applied to the perception of the auditory stimulus. A more stable percept is achieved by judging vowel quality in whole word contexts, but at the possible cost of undue contamination of phonetic judgements by phonological expectations from the listener’s native language.
الاكثر قراءة في Phonology
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية
مواضيع ذات صلة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر مجموعة قصصية بعنوان (قلوب بلا مأوى)
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر مجموعة قصصية بعنوان (قلوب بلا مأوى)
