Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Teaching Methods
Teaching Strategies
The sound recordings
المؤلف:
Paul Warren and Laurie Bauer
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
620-35
2024-04-22
988
The sound recordings
Because of the very nature of Maori English, getting good recordings of this variety in formal settings, in a Pakeha institution (a university) and with Pakeha researchers is difficult. None of the recordings provided here is completely prototypical, even when we have Maori people speaking to each other without Pakeha people present. Nevertheless, some of the typical features of Maori English can be heard in these recordings.
The sound files provided include a short conversation about a recent graphic series of drink-driving ads on New Zealand television, the ‘South Wind’ passage, and the extended word list. The passage and word list are read by one of the two speakers in the conversation (speaker C, who is on the left channel of the stereo file). The speaker is a young female from the Wellington region, and who identifies as Maori. In addition, the words from the word list have also been made available in separate speech files, in which each word is paired with the version produced by speaker F, the young female speaker of Pakeha New Zealand English.
Many of the features that might be commented on in the Maori English samples can be characterized as features of a broad New Zealand English pronunciation. As noted above, it is a high level of co-occurrence of such features that may contribute to the character of Maori English. Nevertheless, some of the characteristics of the read speech in these Maori English samples are ambiguous in their interpretation, since they could reflect a careful speech style rather than being features of Maori English. For instance, the more peripheral vowels found in weak syllables might reflect the tendency in Maori English towards syllable-based rhythm (and a consequential lessening of the contrast between full and reduced vowels), but they might also be a result of a more deliberate reading style. Similarly, the two-vowel like nature of some of the diphthongs might result from careful reading. However, some of these features can also be identified in the conversation recording, and so may be more broadly characteristic of this Maori English speaker.
The second conversation is an interview between a male Maori interviewer and a female Maori interviewee, originally broadcast by Radio New Zealand. The male interviewer sounds rather more obviously Maori than the female speakers in the first conversation. For the interviewee, code-switching on Maori words is very obvious, although the Maori words do not always get the value that they would have in monolingual Maori.
Finally, there is a comment by a mature, male Maori speaker. This is a read passage, written by the speaker, The Right Reverend Muru Walters, MA, Dip Ed, LTh (Aot), Adv Dip Tchg, PGD (Arts) who is the Maori Anglican Bishop of Aotearoa (New Zealand) for the district ki te Upoko o te Ika (the Wellington region). The passage was first broadcast on Radio New Zealand. This speaker illustrates the use of English by someone who is a fluent Maori speaker, older than the other speakers illustrated here, and also highly educated. The voice quality is typical of a speaker of his generation, and the code-switching into Maori is obvious. Because the passage is read for broadcast, it is very clearly enunciated, and in that respect is not typical of conversational Maori English.
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