

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
The Southeast The Home Counties Modern Dialect area
المؤلف:
Ulrike Altendorf and Dominic Watt
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
181-9
2024-03-06
1604
The Southeast
The Home Counties Modern Dialect area
The Southeast of England is here loosely equated with the Home Counties, these being the counties adjacent to London: Kent, Surrey, East and West Sussex, Essex, Hertfordshire, Hampshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, and Bedfordshire. In the past, however, the accents of the Home Counties used to belong to very different dialect areas. Trudgill (1999: 44–47) labels these traditional dialect areas the Southeast (Berkshire, north-eastern Hampshire, Sussex, Kent, Surrey), the Central East (parts of Northamptonshire, Cambridgeshire, non-metropolitan Hertfordshire and Essex) and the Eastern Counties (Norfolk, Suffolk, north-eastern Essex) plus London, which was considered a “separate branch of the Eastern dialects” (Trudgill 1999: 46). Note that the Eastern Counties are also referred to as East Anglia.
The accents of these areas have been undergoing extensive dialect levelling in recent decades. As a result, a considerable part of these different dialect areas are now joined together to form one large modern dialect area, called by Trudgill the “Home Counties Modern Dialect area”.
[...] the non-traditional dialect area of London has now expanded enormously to swallow up the old Southeast area, part of East Anglia, most of the eastern Southwest, and most of the Central East, of which now only the South Midlands remain. The new London-based area we call the Home Counties Modern Dialect area. (Trudgill 1999: 80)
The exact degree of linguistic uniformity within this area is still unclear. Research on urban accents in the Southeast indeed points to an increase in homogeneity, in particular with regard to middle-class accents. However, local and regional accent differences also persist.
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