

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Human lexeme-inators?
المؤلف:
David Hornsby
المصدر:
Linguistics A complete introduction
الجزء والصفحة:
110-6
2023-12-18
1594
Human lexeme-inators?
Derivational morphology is part of a native speaker’s linguistic knowledge. An understanding of its functioning allows speakers to be extraordinarily creative in coining new terms. Evil Dr Heinz Doofenshmirtz, from Disney Channel’s Phineas and Ferb is not only a prolific inventor of (woefully ineffective) devices, he’s also a great coiner of new (and very short-lived) nouns using the suffix -inator (cf. terminator), e.g. audience controlinator, drillinator, media erasinator, giant baking-soda volcanoinator. Children’s ability to recognize ‘inator’ in this context as a nominalizing suffix with the meaning ‘device used to achieve a specified aim’ makes these unfamiliar words readily comprehensible even though they’re unlikely to make it into any dictionary, or indeed survive longer than a single episode.
By whatever criteria we apply, then, some meaningful linguistic items look more like ‘words’ than others: for this reason it is often more productive to look at meaning-bearing elements or morphemes. A word like internationalization, for example, seems naturally divisible into five elements:
inter+nation+al+iz+ation
The second,
, derives from a free morpheme, namely the noun nation
, which can occur independently (a powerful nation, etc.). The rest are bound morphemes, which can only occur as parts of bigger units and not on their own: inter- is a prefix conveying the notion of ‘between’ in a range of adjectives (interactive, interpersonal, interplanetary), verbs (interpose, interact) and nouns (interpol, interface); -al is a grammatical suffix frequently used to derive adjectives from nouns (structural, financial, orbital); -ize/ise is a verbal suffix used to derive verbs, while -ation is an abstract noun suffix (rationalization, penetration, realization). Morphemes, then, are minimal meaning-bearing units, uniting an arbitrary form and meaning or grammatical function. As we have seen, a distinction is usually made between inflectional morphemes and derivational morphemes.
الاكثر قراءة في Morphology
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