Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
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Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
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Parts Of Speech
Nouns
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Singular and Plural nouns
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Nouns gender
Nouns definition
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Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
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Adverbs
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Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
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Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
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scale-and-category grammar
المؤلف:
David Crystal
المصدر:
A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics
الجزء والصفحة:
423-19
2023-11-13
1172
+
-
20
scale-and-category grammar
A LINGUISTIC theory devised by the British linguist M. A. K. Halliday in the early 1960s in which the STRUCTURE of LANGUAGE is seen as an intersecting set of scales and CATEGORIES operating at different LEVELS. Several levels of organization are recognized. At the level of SUBSTANCE, the physical DATA of speech or writing are defined in PHONIC or GRAPHIC terms. The organization of substance into linguistic CONTRASTS is carried out at the level of FORM, GRAMMAR and LEXIS being the two main subdivisions. PHONOLOGY is seen as an ‘inter-level’ connecting the level of substance and form. CONTEXT is a further ‘inter-level’, connecting the level of form with the extralinguistic SITUATION. Linguistic analysis in this view proceeds by establishing four theoretical ‘categories’ – UNITS, STRUCTURES, CLASSES and SYSTEMS – and interrelating these by the ‘scales’ of RANK, EXPONENCE and DELICACY. (This use of ‘scale’ should not be confused with that found in phonology, in relation to STRENGTH values.) In the late 1960s, parts of this approach were superseded by a SYSTEMIC MODEL of analysis.
الاكثر قراءة في Phonetics
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية
مواضيع ذات صلة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر مجموعة قصصية بعنوان (قلوب بلا مأوى)
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر مجموعة قصصية بعنوان (قلوب بلا مأوى)
