Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
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Pragmatics
Linguistics fields
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pragmatics
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minimalist programme/program (MP)
المؤلف:
David Crystal
المصدر:
A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics
الجزء والصفحة:
306-13
2023-10-12
834
+
-
20
minimalist programme/program (MP)
A development in GENERATIVE linguistic thinking, which emphasizes the aim of making statements about language which are as simple and general as possible. The term ‘programme’ expresses the notion that this is an ongoing research initiative, not a fully articulated grammatical theory. All REPRESENTATIONS and DERIVATIONAL processes should be as ECONOMICAL as possible, in terms of the number of devices proposed to account for language phenomena (the principle of economy) – in effect, an application of Occam’s razor. There should be no REDUNDANT or superfluous elements in the representation of sentence structure: each element must play a role and must be interpreted (the principle of full interpretation). The four LEVELS of representation recognized in standard GOVERNMENT-BINDING THEORY (D-structure, S-structure, logical form (LF) and phonetic form (PF)) are reduced to two: LF and PF, referred to as INTERFACE levels. Minimally, the mapping of sounds to meanings requires no more than a lexicon and a computational (SYNTACTIC) procedure which gives lexical elements a PHONOLOGICAL and a SEMANTIC identity. The grammar is modelled as a COMPUTATIONAL SYSTEM containing a NUMERATION of LEXICAL items, to which operations of MOVE and MERGE apply in order to build up a STRUCTURAL DESCRIPTION. All INFLECTED words are formed in the lexicon. Operations are driven by MORPHOLOGICAL necessity, with features being checked for their applicability. Economy constraints, such as PROCRASTINATE and GREED, are used to compare derivations involving the same lexical resources and reject those which do not conform. The derivation eventually splits into phonetic and semantic representations (following SPELL-OUT), which must CONVERGE to produce grammatical sentences. In post-2000 developments of the programme, the existence of the interface levels of representation has been questioned. Derivation proceeds PHASE by phase, and at the end of each phase relevant features are transferred to articulatory phonetic and conceptual intentional systems.
الاكثر قراءة في Morphology
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية
مواضيع ذات صلة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر مجموعة قصصية بعنوان (قلوب بلا مأوى)
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر مجموعة قصصية بعنوان (قلوب بلا مأوى)
