Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Animate and Inanimate nouns
Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adverbs
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pronouns
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
prepositions
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
conjunctions
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Phrases
Sentences
Grammar Rules
Passive and Active
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Demonstratives
Determiners
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
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Assessment
input (n.)
المؤلف:
David Crystal
المصدر:
A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics
الجزء والصفحة:
247-9
2023-09-25
1051
+
-
20
input (n.)
(1) A term used in PSYCHOLINGUISTICS to refer to the external linguistic DATA available to speakers in the course of acquiring a language. The notion is particularly relevant to child language ACQUISITION of a mother-tongue, where the role of input is related to other factors in learning, such as innate ability; but it also applies in the study of foreign-language learning. The term is also used in language PROCESSING to refer to the signal processed by the listener/reader.
(2) A use of the general sense of this term is found in GENERATIVE GRAMMAR for a linguistic construct which triggers the application of a RULE, either as the starting-point in the generation of a sentence or at a later stage in a DERIVATION. It contrasts with OUTPUT, which may be a derived linguistic construct or (after all rules have been applied) a REPRESENTATION of what people actually say. In this approach, the input to a rule is typically the output of an earlier rule.
(3) In OPTIMALITY THEORY, an input is a linguistic construct, composed from the elements in UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR (consonant, vowel, syllable, noun, verb, etc.), to which OUTPUT REPRESENTATIONS are related. This process takes place through the operation of the GENERATOR and EVALUATOR mechanisms provided by the theory. The optimal input is selected from all possible inputs (corresponding to a single output) as the one which incurs the fewest highest-ranked CONSTRAINT VIOLATIONS. The OT perspective therefore runs contrary to the traditional GENERATIVE approach, for it does not require a unique input for a given output. Any input which results in a correct input–output pairing is a viable input.
الاكثر قراءة في Morphology
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية
مواضيع ذات صلة
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)
