Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Teaching Methods
Teaching Strategies
The TRAP vowel
المؤلف:
Richard Ogden
المصدر:
An Introduction to English Phonetics
الجزء والصفحة:
72-5
23-6-2022
723
+
-
20
The TRAP vowel
The trap vowel varies along the front–back and open–close dimensions and is variously transcribed as [a æ ε]. What cannot be shown from the vowel quadrilateral so easily is the differences in duration. In the USA, this vowel is regularly long in duration in comparison with other varieties of English.
The symbol [æ] stands for three different qualities: most open in Australia, closest and frontest in RP and most central in American English. If we wanted to distinguish these qualities while using the same symbol, we could elaborate the transcriptions with diacritics. ‘Closer’ and ‘more open’ are handled with 
respectively; ‘fronter’ and ‘backer’ with [+], [-]. Vowels shifted to the centre of the quadrilateral can be marked with 
. So we could write 
for RP, 
for Australian and [æ] for American. This transcription style is comparative. Another strategy would be to refer the qualities directly to CVs, in which case we might transcribe RP as 
(i.e. more open than CV3, [ε]), Australian as [a] (close to CV4) and American as [ä] (more centralized than CV4, [a]). This transcription style is more impressionistic. It is precisely because of the problems of deciding which symbol to use that phoneticians use graphs to plot where vowels lie, even if this is just an approximation.
الاكثر قراءة في Phonetics
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية
مواضيع ذات صلة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر مجموعة قصصية بعنوان (قلوب بلا مأوى)
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر مجموعة قصصية بعنوان (قلوب بلا مأوى)
