المرجع الالكتروني للمعلوماتية
المرجع الألكتروني للمعلوماتية

English Language
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Old English  
  
713   09:50 صباحاً   date: 5-3-2022
Author : George Yule
Book or Source : The study of language
Page and Part : 229-17


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Date: 5-3-2022 691
Date: 4-3-2022 516
Date: 5-3-2022 925

Old English

The primary sources for what developed as the English language were the Germanic languages spoken by a group of tribes from northern Europe who moved into the British Isles in the fifth century. In one early account, these tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes were described as “God’s wrath toward Britain.” It is from the names of the first two that we have the term Anglo-Saxons to describe these people, and from the name of the first tribe that we get the word for their language Englisc and their new home Engla-land.

From this early version of Englisc, now called Old English, we have many of the most basic terms in the language: mann (“man”), wı¯ f (“woman”), cild (“child”), hu¯ s (“house”), mete (“food”), etan (“eat”), drincan (“drink”) and feohtan (“fight”). These pagan settlers also gave us some weekday names, commemorating their gods Woden and Thor. However, they did not remain pagan for long. From the sixth to the eighth century, there was an extended period during which these Anglo-Saxons were converted to Christianity and a number of terms from Latin (the language of the religion) came into English at that time. The origins of the contemporary English words angel, bishop, candle, church, martyr, priest and school all date from this period.

From the eighth century through the ninth and tenth centuries, another group of northern Europeans came first to plunder and then to settle in parts of the coastal regions of Britain. They were the Vikings and it is from their language, Old Norse, that the original forms of give, law, leg, skin, sky, take and they were adopted. It is from their winter festival jo´ l that we have Yule as a term for the Christmas season.