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The word "number" is a general term which refers to a member of a given (possibly ordered) set. The meaning of "number" is often clear from context (i.e., does it refer to a complex number, integer, real number, etc.?). Wherever possible in this work, the word "number" is used to refer to quantities which are integers, and "constant" is reserved for nonintegral numbers which have a fixed value. Because terms such as real number, Bernoulli number, and irrational number are commonly used to refer to nonintegral quantities, however, it is not possible to be entirely consistent in nomenclature.
To indicate a particular numerical label, the abbreviation "no." is sometimes used (deriving from "numero," the ablative case of the Latin "numerus"), as is the less common "nr." The symbol # (known as the octothorpe) is commonly used to denote "number."
While some authors prefer to include "and" between various parts of a number name, in this work, "and"s are omitted. For example, the number 101 is called "one hundred one" rather than "one hundred and one." According to most definitive sources (Schildberger 2001; The Chicago Manual of Style 2003, p. 381; Mish 2003, p. 852), either is acceptable. However, The Associated Press Stylebook gives implicit examples in which the "and" is omitted (Goldstein 1998, p. 145). So the fact of the matter is that different sources use different conventions, with some sources even being internally inconsistent. For example, Conway and Guy (1996) list the "(and)" as optional on p. 15, while writing out "one hundred and sixty-three" on p. 25.
According to The Chicago Manual of Style (2003, p. 380), in nontechnical written contexts, whole numbers from one to one hundred should always be spelled out, and other whole numbers should be written in terms of numerals. In addition, when a number begins a sentence, it is always spelled out unless it appears awkward, in which case the sentence should be recast. In this work, numbers are sometimes spelled out and sometimes written numerically, depending on which appears clearer.
Note that commas should not be used to separate words that are part of one number (Goldstein 1998, p. 145).
The following table summarizes the English names given to the first few positive numbers (Schildberger 2001, Misch 2003).
name | |
1 | one |
2 | two |
3 | three |
4 | four |
5 | five |
6 | six |
7 | seven |
8 | eight |
9 | nine |
10 | ten |
11 | eleven |
12 | twelve |
13 | thirteen |
14 | fourteen |
15 | fifteen |
16 | sixteen |
17 | seventeen |
18 | eighteen |
19 | nineteen |
20 | twenty |
21 | twenty-one |
22 | twenty-two |
23 | twenty-three |
24 | twenty-four |
25 | twenty-five |
26 | twenty-six |
27 | twenty-seven |
28 | twenty-eight |
29 | twenty-nine |
30 | thirty |
31 | thirty-one |
32 | thirty-two |
33 | thirty-three |
34 | thirty-four |
35 | thirty-five |
36 | thirty-six |
37 | thirty-seven |
38 | thirty-eight |
39 | thirty-nine |
40 | forty |
41 | forty-one |
42 | forty-two |
43 | forty-three |
44 | forty-four |
45 | forty-five |
46 | forty-six |
47 | forty-seven |
48 | forty-eight |
49 | forty-nine |
50 | fifty |
51 | fifty-one |
52 | fifty-two |
53 | fifty-three |
54 | fifty-four |
55 | fifty-five |
56 | fifty-six |
57 | fifty-seven |
58 | fifty-eight |
59 | fifty-nine |
60 | sixty |
61 | sixty-one |
62 | sixty-two |
63 | sixty-three |
64 | sixty-four |
65 | sixty-five |
66 | sixty-six |
67 | sixty-seven |
68 | sixty-eight |
69 | sixty-nine |
70 | seventy |
71 | seventy-one |
72 | seventy-two |
73 | seventy-three |
74 | seventy-four |
75 | seventy-five |
76 | seventy-six |
77 | seventy-seven |
78 | seventy-eight |
79 | seventy-nine |
80 | eighty |
81 | eighty-one |
82 | eighty-two |
83 | eighty-three |
84 | eighty-four |
85 | eighty-five |
86 | eighty-six |
87 | eighty-seven |
88 | eighty-eight |
89 | eighty-nine |
90 | ninety |
91 | ninety-one |
92 | ninety-two |
93 | ninety-three |
94 | ninety-four |
95 | ninety-five |
96 | ninety-six |
97 | ninety-seven |
98 | ninety-eight |
99 | ninety-nine |
100 | one hundred |
101 | one hundred one |
102 | one hundred two |
103 | one hundred three |
104 | one hundred four |
105 | one hundred five |
106 | one hundred six |
107 | one hundred seven |
108 | one hundred eight |
109 | one hundred nine |
110 | one hundred ten |
111 | one hundred eleven |
112 | one hundred twelve |
113 | one hundred thirteen |
114 | one hundred fourteen |
115 | one hundred fifteen |
116 | one hundred sixteen |
117 | one hundred seventeen |
118 | one hundred eighteen |
119 | one hundred nineteen |
120 | one hundred twenty |
121 | one hundred twenty-one |
122 | one hundred twenty-two |
123 | one hundred twenty-three |
124 | one hundred twenty-four |
125 | one hundred twenty-five |
126 | one hundred twenty-six |
127 | one hundred twenty-seven |
128 | one hundred twenty-eight |
129 | one hundred twenty-nine |
130 | one hundred thirty |
131 | one hundred thirty-one |
132 | one hundred thirty-two |
133 | one hundred thirty-three |
134 | one hundred thirty-four |
135 | one hundred thirty-five |
136 | one hundred thirty-six |
137 | one hundred thirty-seven |
138 | one hundred thirty-eight |
139 | one hundred thirty-nine |
140 | one hundred forty |
141 | one hundred forty-one |
142 | one hundred forty-two |
143 | one hundred forty-three |
144 | one hundred forty-four |
145 | one hundred forty-five |
146 | one hundred forty-six |
147 | one hundred forty-seven |
148 | one hundred forty-eight |
149 | one hundred forty-nine |
150 | one hundred fifty |
Note that two differing conventions exist for the naming of large numbers (e.g., the American system terms "a billion," while the British system terms it "a milliard").
American | British | power of 10 |
million | million | |
billion | milliard | |
trillion | billion | |
quadrillion | ||
quintillion | trillion | |
sextillion | ||
septillion | quadrillion | |
octillion | ||
nonillion | quintillion | |
decillion | ||
undecillion | sexillion | |
duodecillion | ||
tredecillion | septillion | |
quattuordecillion | ||
quindecillion | octillion | |
sexdecillion | ||
septendecillion | nonillion | |
octodecillion | ||
novemdecillion | decillion | |
vigintillion | ||
undecillion | ||
duodecillion | ||
tredecillion | ||
quattuordecillion | ||
quindecillion | ||
sexdecillion | ||
septendecillion | ||
octodecillion | ||
novemdecillion | ||
vigintillion | ||
centillion | ||
centillion |
The numbers of characters (including spaces and dashes) in the English names (written without trailing "and"s) for the numbers 1, 2, 3, ... are 3, 3, 5, 4, 4, 3, 5, 5, 4, 3, 6, 6, 8, 8, 7, 7, 9, 8, 8, 6, 10, 10, ... (OEIS A052360), illustrated above.
The corresponding numbers of letters are 3, 3, 5, 4, 4, 3, 5, 5, 4, 3, 6, 6, 8, 8, 7, 7, 9, 8, ... (OEIS A005589; Eureka 1974), illustrated above.
The corresponding numbers of syllables are 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 2, 2, ... (OEIS A075774).
Consider the numbers having incrementally largest numbers of letters. This gives the sequence 1, 3, 11, 13, 17, 23, 73, 101, 103, 111, 113, 117, 123, 173, 323, 373, ... (OEIS A052363), which have the corresponding number of digits 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, ... (OEIS A089585).
REFERENCES:
"Problems Drive." Eureka 37, 8-11 and 33, 1974.
The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2003.
Barbeau, E. J. Power Play: A Country Walk through the Magical World of Numbers. Providence, RI: Amer. Math. Soc., 1997.
Bogomolny, A. "What is a Number." https://www.cut-the-knot.org/do_you_know/numbers.shtml.
Borwein, J. and Borwein, P. A Dictionary of Real Numbers. London: Chapman & Hall, 1990.
Conway, J. H. On Numbers and Games, 2nd ed. Wellesley, MA: A K Peters, 2000.
Conway, J. H. and Guy, R. K. The Book of Numbers. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1996.
Dantzig, T. Number: The Language of Science, 4th rev. ed. New York: Free Press, 1985.
Davis, P. J. The Lore of Large Numbers. New York: Random House, 1961.
De Geest, P. "World!Of Numbers." https://www.worldofnumbers.com/.
Ebbinghaus, H. D.; Hirzebruch, F.; Hermes, H.; Prestel, A; Koecher, M.; Mainzer, M.; and Remmert, R. Numbers. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990.
Frege, G. Foundations of Arithmetic: A Logico-Mathematical Enquiry into the Concept of Number, 2nd rev. ed. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1980.
Goldstein, N. (Ed.). The Associated Press Stylebook and Libel Manual, fully upd. rev. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1998.
Ifrah, G. From One to Zero: A Universal History of Numbers. New York: Viking, 1987.
Le Lionnais, F. Les nombres remarquables. Paris: Hermann, 1983.
McLeish, J. Number: The History of Numbers and How They Shape Our Lives. New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1992.
Mish, F. C. (Ed.). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 11th ed. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, 2003.
Munafo, R. "Notable Properties of Specific Numbers." https://home.earthlink.net/~mrob/pub/math/numbers.html.
Phillips, R. Numbers: Facts, Figures & Fiction. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Rosenfelder, M. "Numbers from 1 to 10 in Over 4000 Languages." https://zompist.com/numbers.shtml.
Russell, B. "Definition of Number." Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1971.
Schildberger, G. "English Names for the Numbers from 0 to 1022." Apr. 4, 2001. https://www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/a000027.txt.
Sloane, N. J. A. Sequences A005589/M2277, A052360, A052363, A075774, and A089585 in "The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences."
Smeltzer, D. Man and Number. Buchanan, NY: Emerson Books, 1974.
Weisstein, E. W. "Books about Numbers." https://www.ericweisstein.com/encyclopedias/books/Numbers.html.
Wells, D. W. The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1986.
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دراسة يابانية لتقليل مخاطر أمراض المواليد منخفضي الوزن
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اكتشاف أكبر مرجان في العالم قبالة سواحل جزر سليمان
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اتحاد كليات الطب الملكية البريطانية يشيد بالمستوى العلمي لطلبة جامعة العميد وبيئتها التعليمية
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