Let us take a surface S, which is not necessarily co-planar, and divide in up into (scalar) elements δS_i. Then

 (1.1)

is a surface integral. For instance, the volume of water in a lake of depth D(x, y)

is

 (1.2)

To evaluate this integral we must split the calculation into two ordinary integrals.

The volume in the strip shown in the diagram is

 (1.3)

Note that the limits x₁ and x₂ depend on y. The total volume is the sum over all strips:

 (1.4)

Of course, the integral can be evaluated by taking the strips the other way around:

 (1.5)

Interchanging the order of integration is a very powerful and useful trick. But great care must be taken when evaluating the limits. As an example, consider

 (1.6)

where S is shown in the diagram below. Suppose that we evaluate the x integral

first:

 (1.7)

Let us now evaluate the y integral:

 (1.8)

We can also evaluate the integral by interchanging the order of integration:

 (1.9)

In some cases a surface integral is just the product of two separate integrals. For instance,

   (1.10)

where S is a unit square. This integral can be written

 (1.11)

since the limits are both independent of the other variable. In general, when interchanging the order of integration the most important part of the whole problem is getting the limits of integration right. The only foolproof way of doing this is to draw a diagram.

مواضيع ذات صلة

أصول عدم الانعكاس

الانعكاس يولد الانعكاس

الاحتمالية في الميكانيكا الإحصائية

القابلية للانعكاس وعدم القابلية للانعكاس

نظرة في تعددية الفيزياء

الاختزال وعدم القابلية للانعكاس

الواقعية العلمية وتغيير النظريات

نقص الإثبات ومذهب الذرائعية ومذهب الواقعية

مشكلة التمييز: متى يكون المنهج علميا؟

المنهج العلمي: من الاستقراء إلى التكذيب وما بعده

مناهج العلوم وثمارها

!Parity is not conserved