Haemorrhage
المؤلف:
Bezabeh ,M. ; Tesfaye,A.; Ergicho, B.; Erke, M.; Mengistu, S. ; Bedane,A. and Desta, A
المصدر:
General Pathology
الجزء والصفحة:
23-2-2016
1211
Haemorrhage
Definition:
Hemorrhage is extravasation of blood outside the blood vessel.
Causes:
• Physical trauma – Stabbing
- Stick injury
- Gunshot
- Motor vehicle accident
• Inadequacies in blood clotting which can be due to:
A. Too few or poorly functioning platelets (i.e. qualitative & quantitative defect of platelets)
B. Missing or low amount of clotting factors
E.g. Low levels of prothrombin, fibrinogen & other precursors.
Inadequate vitamin K leads to clotting factor deficiency because this vitamin is important in the synthesis of the clotting factors by the liver.
Terminology:
1) Haemorrhage enclosed within a tissue or a cavity is knownas hematoma.
2) Minute 1-2 mm hemorrhages occurring in the skin, mucosal membrane, or serosal surface are called petechiae.
3) Slightly > 3mm hemorrhage occurring in the skin is referred to as purpura.
4) Larger than 1-2cm subcutaneous hematoma is called eccymosis (bruises). It is typical after trauma.
Effects of haemorrhage: depend on the rate and amount of blood loss:
• If > 20% the total blood volume is rapidly lost from the body, it may lead to hypovolumic shock & death.
• Chronic loss of blood leads to anaemia.
References
Bezabeh ,M. ; Tesfaye,A.; Ergicho, B.; Erke, M.; Mengistu, S. and Bedane,A.; Desta, A.(2004). General Pathology. Jimma University, Gondar University Haramaya University, Dedub University.
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