Figure 1 shows a diagram that is especially useful in explaining the pumping mechanics of the left ventricle. The most important components of the diagram are the two curves labeled “diastolic pressure” and “systolic pressure.” These curves are volume-pressure curves.

 The diastolic pressure curve is determined by filling the heart with progressively greater volumes of blood and then measuring the diastolic pressure immediately before ventricular contraction occurs, which is the end-diastolic pressure of the ventricle.

The systolic pressure curve is determined by recording the systolic pressure achieved during ventricular contraction at each volume of filling.

 Until the volume of the noncontracting ventricle rises above about 150 milliliters, the “diastolic” pressure does not increase greatly. Therefore, up to this volume, blood can flow easily into the ventricle from the atrium. Above 150 milliliters, the ventricular diastolic pressure increases rapidly, partly because of fibrous tissue in the heart that will stretch no more and partly because the pericardium that surrounds the heart becomes filled nearly to its limit.

 During ventricular contraction, the systolic pressure increases even at low ventricular volumes and reaches a maximum at a ventricular volume of 150 to 170 milliliters. Then, as the volume increases still further, the systolic pressure actually decreases under some conditions, as demonstrated by the falling systolic pressure curve in Figure 1, because at these great volumes, the actin and myosin filaments of the cardiac muscle fibers are pulled apart far enough that the strength of each cardiac fiber contraction becomes less than optimal.

Note especially in the figure that the maximum systolic pressure for the normal left ventricle is between 250 and 300 mm Hg, but this varies widely with each person’s heart strength and degree of heart stimulation by cardiac nerves. For the normal right ventricle, the maximum systolic pressure is between 60 and 80 mm Hg.

Fig1. Relationship between left ventricular volume and intra ventricular pressure during diastole and systole. Also shown by the  red lines is the “volume-pressure diagram,” demonstrating changes  in intraventricular volume and pressure during the normal cardiac  cycle. EW, net external work; PE, potential energy. 

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The Heart Valves Prevent Backflow of blood during Systole

Excitation-Contraction Coupling— function of calcium ions and the transverse tubules

PHYSIOLOGIC ANATOMY OF CARDIAC MUSCLE

الطحال Spleen

الثايمس Thumus

اللوزتان Tonsils

العقد الليمفاوية

الدورة الليمفاوية

تكوين الليمف

الليمف

الجهاز الليفاوي (مقدمة)