x
هدف البحث
بحث في العناوين
بحث في المحتوى
بحث في اسماء الكتب
بحث في اسماء المؤلفين
اختر القسم
موافق
Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
literature
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Phonological systems Stressed vowel system
المؤلف: Laurie Bauer and Paul Warren
المصدر: A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة: 582-33
2024-04-17
85
New Zealand English has, with very minor exceptions, a standard non-rhotic stressed vowel system. The lexical sets are assigned to phonemes as below, with the first symbol in the set of illustrative qualities being the one we select for a phonemic transcription.
Some of these will be discussed in more detail below, in particular the NEAR – SQUARE merger is a process of great interest in the phonology of current New Zealand English.
Lip-rounding and spreading is never strong in New Zealand English. There is some as-yet unexplained articulatory compensation for lip-rounding which can give the auditory impression of lip-rounding without any difference in the actual lip-position. Talk of lip-rounding in the descriptions below must be understood in terms of this mechanism rather than in terms of the expected pouting gesture. A video of one female speaker pronouncing a number of New Zealand English vowels is provided on the accompanying CD-ROM and in the online version. Her lip movement seems to us to be greater than is found with many speakers – perhaps because of the formal environment of the recording and the fact that she was reading isolated words. An interesting comparison can be made to illustrate this, using the recordings for herd and word. The former is taken from the word-list and the latter from an impromptu remark by the speaker, albeit produced with accompanying laughter, which contributed to the different lip shape. The comparison is interesting not just as an illustration of the different lip shape in formal and informal contexts, but also because auditory and acoustic comparison of the two // vowels shows that they are remarkably similar, despite the different lip configuration. As observed above, there would appear to be some other compensatory articulatory configuration that results in the rounded quality in the absence of rounded lip shape.
The fundamental system given above is subject to considerable neutralization before /r/ and /l/. Much of the neutralization is variable, particularly that before /l/, so that no simple statement of the system in neutralized positions can be given. Furthermore, the context of neutralization does not seem to be consistent for all vowels. In some cases there is neutralization before any /l/, in others the position of neutralization appears to be restricted to where /l/ is in a syllable coda (i.e. after the vowel but in the same syllable), in others to environments where the /l/ is not only in a coda but followed by an obstruent (perhaps particularly voiceless obstruents).
The phonemes instantiated in the following lexical sets are generally neutralized before /r/:
Note that this pattern is complicated by the NEAR-SQUARE merger where that occurs.
The phonemes instantiated in the following lexical sets are frequently neutralized before /l/