x
هدف البحث
بحث في العناوين
بحث في المحتوى
بحث في اسماء الكتب
بحث في اسماء المؤلفين
اختر القسم
موافق
Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
literature
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Voiceless preaspirated plosives
المؤلف: Richard Ogden
المصدر: An Introduction to English Phonetics
الجزء والصفحة: 104-7
2-7-2022
443
If voicing stops before a complete closure is achieved, i.e. the vocal folds allow air to pass through while the closure is still being made, this results in a short period of voicelessness and friction as the closure is being made, and is commonly known as preaspiration, though there are two types.
Voiceless friction can be generated as the articulators approximate one another. This can be transcribed using the appropriate fricative symbol, e.g. . Shortness is indicated by a superscript.
The other source of noise is turbulence at the glottis. This source of noise is transcribed as e.g. and is known as preaspiration.
Preaspiration is not common in English, but has been reported for word- and utterance-final plosives in Tyneside, North east England (Watt and Allen 2003), and Hull (Williams and Kerswill, in Foulkes and Docherty 1999: 147).
Figure 7.8 shows a spectrogram and waveform of part of the word ‘loop’, , as spoken by a young female speaker from Tyneside. In this production, voicing stops before the closure is made, resulting in a short period of voiceless friction. The friction is similar to that in the release part of the plosive. It could also transcribed as or , since the friction is at the lips and there is audible lip-rounding.