x
هدف البحث
بحث في العناوين
بحث في المحتوى
بحث في اسماء الكتب
بحث في اسماء المؤلفين
اختر القسم
موافق
Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
literature
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Non-alveolar articulations
المؤلف: Richard Ogden
المصدر: An Introduction to English Phonetics
الجزء والصفحة: 92-6
29-6-2022
265
Rhotics need not be alveolar, as we have seen. They may also be labiodental (usually with some kind of valorization), though this is most often a feature of an individual’s speech rather than of a whole community.
Rhotics can also be produced at places of articulation further back than alveolar. One such type of rhotic is produced by combining retroflexion (i.e. backward curling of the tongue) and approximation, giving the sound , often known as ‘curled-r’ in the USA. This kind of articulation is also generally accompanied by labiovelarisation, and is found in many parts of the Western USA and in some parts of England.
A similar sound to this is known as ‘bunched-r’ or ‘molar-r’ and has no IPA symbol. It is described by Laver (1994: 302) as made not with the tongue tip (which is retracted), but with the tongue body, which is raised up to the back of the hard palate and the front of the soft palate (velum), roughly the same location as the first molar teeth (hence the name ‘molar-r’). For retroflex sounds, the surface of the tongue behind the tip is concave; but for molar-r the tongue shape is domed, or convex. These two sounds are very alike auditorily, and they are both found in the Western USA.
Other kinds of rhotics that are frequently mentioned involve some kind of constriction further back than the velum, such as at the uvula or in the pharynx. These are common articulations in related European languages, such as German, Dutch or Danish, but they are very unusual in English. Uvular approximants did occur in Northumberland (north east England), and can be heard in some of the recordings of the older speakers of the Survey of English Dialects, e.g. ‘tree’, , ‘straight’, . (These recordings are accessible online from the British Library.) This feature, if it persists among modern speakers, is rare.