تسجيل الدخول

تسجيل

MANNER OF ARTICULATION

المؤلف:  Parviz Birjandi

المصدر:  AN INTRODUCTION TO PHONETICS

الجزء والصفحة:  C3-P32

2026-07-01

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MANNER OF ARTICULATION

Manner of articulation refers to the nature of the obstruction of pulmonary air flow. In order to fully appreciate the differences among speech sounds, as well as indicating the place of articulation, it is necessary to determine the nature and extent of the obstruction of airflow involved in their articulation. The type of airflow obstruction is known as the manner of articulation. The manner of articulation is particularly defined by four major factors: (a) whether there is vibration of the vocal cords (voiced vs. voiceless), (b) whether there is obstruction of the airstream at any point above the glottis (consonant vs. vowel), (c) whether the airstream passes through the nasal cavity in addition to the oral cavity (nasal vs. oral), and (d) whether the airstream passes through the middle of the oral cavity or along the side(s) (non-lateral vs. lateral). An example of this can be found by looking at the following words:

They all begin with voiced, alveolar consonants /n/, /d/, and /l/. Yet, they are all clearly different in both sound and meaning. The kinds of constriction made by the articulators are what make up this further dimension of classification. There are two common kinds of constriction that often occur in English: plosive and fricative. Also, there are other less common constrictions: nasal, affricate, lateral, and approximant. Traditional phonetics, however, used three cover terms to refer to all kinds of constriction: plosive, fricative, and affricate. In the following sections, these manners of articulation will be discussed with greater detail so that the reader can fully understand what they mean.