We began by asking what the essential elements of a clause are. We can now give a reasonably concise answer to this question: the essential elements of a clause are: (i) a word (frequently a verb) expressing the predicate; and (ii) phrases expressing the appropriate number and type of arguments for that predicate. Thus, the structure of a clause is largely determined by the argument structure of its predicate. However, in addition to the predicate and its arguments, many clauses also contain extra elements referred to as ADJUNCTS.

The lexical entry of a verb must provide at least three pieces of information about that verb: (i) the number of arguments it takes; (ii) the semantic roles it assigns to its arguments; and (iii) the Grammatical Relation assigned to each argument. The set of Grammatical Relations assigned by the verb is referred to as its SUBCATEGORIZATION. The number of term (i.e. non oblique) relations that a verb assigns is called its (syntactic) VALENCE. Valence is closely related to transitivity, which (in its basic meaning) is an expression of the number of objects the verb takes: an intransitive verb has no object; a transitive verb has one object; and a ditransitive verb has two objects.

As we have seen, simple PS rules alone will “over-generate”; that is, they will generate sentences which are not, in fact, grammatical. The sub categorization properties of the verb play an important role in avoiding this problem. In order for a PS tree to be “well-formed” (i.e. grammatical), the constituents which appear as complements of V must be precisely those which are required or allowed by the verb’s subcategorization. Each clause must be complete (i.e. must contain all the complements required by the verb) and coherent (it may not contain any complements which the verb does not allow); and each GR must be uniquely assigned within its clause.

اخر الاخبار

اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة

قسم التطوير يقيم دورة عن أخلاقيات المهنة للمنتسبين الجدد

تتضمن زيارة المراقد المقدسة في كربلاء.. معهد القرآن الكريم النسوي ينظم سفرة دينية لطالباته

المجمع العلمي يحتفي بذكرى ولادة الإمامين الباقر والهادي (عليهما السلام)

قسم الشؤون الفكرية يطلق فعاليات الأسبوع الثالث من برنامج البذرة الصالحة

المزيد

الآخبار الصحية

ثورة طبية.. الذكاء الاصطناعي يكشف سرطان الكلى في وقت قياسي

لتعزيز الطاقة والتغلب على التعب.. عليك بـ7 طرق بسيطة

لتحسين الهضم والتحكم في الشهية.. ما أفضل وقت لتناول التمر؟

خبراء يكشفون تأثير الاستحمام في الظلام على جودة النوم !

المزيد

الآخبار التكنلوجية

إزالة ثاني أكسيد الكربون من الغلاف الجوي.. ما دور المحيطات والبحار؟

نظائر الهيليوم مقياس لاكتشاف رواسب الذهب.. كيف ذلك؟

الصين تطلق أول ناقلة نفط خام ذكية في العالم تعمل بالميثانول

الزمن على المريخ أسرع من الأرض.. دراسة علمية تكشف الفوارق

المزيد