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Assessment
Criterion referencing assessment (CRA) and norm-referencing (NRA) assessment
المؤلف:
Mary-Jane Taylor & Coralie McCormack
المصدر:
Enhancing Teaching and Learning through Assessment
الجزء والصفحة:
P71-C7
2025-06-11
690
+
-
20
Criterion referencing assessment (CRA) and norm-referencing (NRA) assessment
Apart from the confusion between formative and summative assessment in the minds of some teaching staff, there is another issue concerning the type of assessment system used at the University. The University used Norm-Referencing Assessment (NRA). Each subject was graded according to an eight-grade scale divided into five bands. Teaching staff are given indicators of the percentage of students that would normally fall into each band. These indicators correspond to a normal distribution curve. In addition, there is a similar set of indicators in terms of GPA (Grade Point Average) used for giving final award classifications. This is what is commonly known as NRA. There is some pressure on teaching staff to adhere to these indicators since if the results fall outside, they may be asked to explain the reasons for so doing. Understandably, there has been a tendency to ensure that subject results particularly, fall within these norms even if it means artificially adjusting, either upwards, or downwards, the grades of some students. In other words, students' grades tended to be determined by comparison between each other, and not against predefined criteria. Figures 1 to 3 in Grading descriptors show grade descriptors, the grading system, and indicators respectively. Most educationists tend to advocate Criterion-Referencing Assessment (CRA) which better reflects students' performance since it relies on a predefined set of criteria that match expected learning outcomes and subject objectives (Biggs, 2003). Happily, all this has now changed. From 2005-2006 academic year, CRA is being adopted by the University.
الاكثر قراءة في Teaching Strategies
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية
مواضيع ذات صلة
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)
