x
هدف البحث
بحث في العناوين
بحث في المحتوى
بحث في اسماء الكتب
بحث في اسماء المؤلفين
اختر القسم
موافق
Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
literature
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Rhotics in English
المؤلف: Richard Ogden
المصدر: An Introduction to English Phonetics
الجزء والصفحة: 89-6
28-6-2022
356
The starting point for our discussion of rhotics is the voiced alveolar approximant [ɹ]. This is the commonest variety of rhotic in English, and is used in Britain, Ireland, North America and most parts of the Southern Hemisphere. To produce this sound, the tongue tip or blade is raised up towards the alveolar ridge in a stricture of open approximation, the velum is raised and the vocal folds vibrate.
However, this is a simplified description. [ɹ] is frequently accompanied by other articulations. If you compare ‘red’ and ‘led’ and watch your lips, you may well see that for ‘red’ there is lip movement, whereas for ‘led’ there is not. This could be more accurately transcribed as . The movement is often protrusion or rounding, and the rounding can, in more extreme cases, involve puckering of the lips or contact between the upper teeth and lower lip. These more extreme cases could be transcribed as is the IPA symbol for a labiodental approximant, i.e. a sound made between the lips and the teeth which is made with open approximation and no friction noise generated. (Some speakers actually do produce friction: this could be transcribed as . The symbol represents the fact that the two articulations are produced at the same time, rather than one after the other in sequence, as implied by .
Alveolar approximants often have another secondary articulation. Recall that for laterals, the main place of constriction is at the tongue tip, leaving the body and back of the tongue free to form other articulations. The same is equally true for [ɹ]. [ɹ] is frequently dark, or velarized. This is marked in trancription as . As with laterals, the degree of valorization is variable. Typically, speakers with clear initial laterals have darker initial rhotics; and speakers with darker initial laterals have clearer initial rhotics.
Commonly, [ɹ] is both labialized and velarized: . Just as [l] often loses its primary articulation at the tongue tip and instead the ‘secondary’ articulations are retained (so-called vocalization), so also [ɹ] sometimes loses its primary articulation at the tongue tip, but the secondary articulation of labialization is retained. Many speakers produce [r] as a labiodental approximant, ; or as a velarized labio - dental approximant, .
One way to understand non-rhotic accents is as varieties which have lost the tongue-tip articulation of [ɹ] syllable finally, leaving just vowel colouring. This is parallel with loss of tongue-tip articulation in the case of vocalized [l].