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Date: 21-3-2016
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Date: 29-9-2017
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Polymerization Mechanisms
Polymerization processes are classified as step-reaction (condensation) or chain-reaction (addition) polymerization. In this chapter, we will discuss the different types of polymers based on the different polymerization mechanisms.
CHAIN-REACTION POLYMERIZATION
Chain-reaction polymerization, an important industrial method of polymer preparation, involves the addition of unsaturated molecules to a rapidly growing chain. The most common unsaturated compounds that undergo chain-reaction polymerization are olefins, as exemplified by the following reaction of a generalized vinyl monomer.
The growing polymer in chain-reaction polymerization is a free radical, and polymerization proceeds via chain mechanism. Chain-reaction polymerization is induced by the addition of free-radical-formingreagents or by ionic initiators. Like all chain reactions, it involves three fundamental steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In addition, a fourth step called chain transfer may be involved.
A. INITIATION
Initiation involves the acquisition of an active site by the monomer. This may occur spontaneously by the absorption of heat, light (ultraviolet), or high-energy irradiation. But most frequently, initiation of freeradical polymerization is brought about by the addition of small quantities of compounds called initiators.
Typical initiators include peroxides, azo compounds, Lewis acids, and organometallic reagents. However, while initiators trigger initiation of the chain and exert an accelerating influence on polymerization rate, they are not exactly catalysts since they are changed chemically in the course of polymerization. An initiator is usually a weak organic compound that can be decomposed thermally or by irradiation to produce free radicals, which are molecules containing atoms with unpaired electrons. A variety of compounds decompose when heated to form free radicals. Dialkyl peroxides (ROOR), diacylperoxides (RCO–O–O–CO–R), hydroperoxides (ROOH), and azo compounds (RN