Born: 602 in Shaanxi province, China
Died: 670 in Chang'an, China

Li Chunfeng's name is sometimes written as Li Ch'un-feng. He was born during the short lived Sui dynasty which was important in unifying a country which had been divided for over 300 years. Education became important and mathematics was taught at the Imperial Academy. Li Chunfeng's father was a Taoist and this had a great influence on Li Chunfeng's thinking. It is a positive religion, emphasising the joyful and carefree sides of the Chinese character. It is also characterized by a positive, active attitude toward the occult and, as we shall see below, Li Chunfeng became to be regarded as a great astrologer and prophet through using numerology.

When Li Chunfeng was sixteen years old, the Sui dynasty was replaced by the T'ang dynasty. It continued the educational development which had already begun, and formalised the teaching of mathematics at the Imperial Academy. Li rose to become a high-ranking court astronomer and historian, being first appointed to the Imperial Astronomical Bureau in 627. The reason for his appointment was the need for calendar reform. In ancient China there was a belief that a ruler received his right to rule from heaven. Changing the calendar was seen as one of the duties of the office, establishing the emperor's heavenly link on earth. After a change of ruler, and even more significantly after a change of dynasty, the new Chinese emperor would seek a new official calendar thus establishing a new rule with new celestial influences.

Although the Chinese calendar had only been in operation for a few years, already predictions of eclipses were getting out of step. Wang Xiaotong had been appointed to the Imperial Astronomical Bureau a few years earlier to make recommendations. Li was promoted to become the deputy director of the Imperial Astronomical Bureau in about 641.

We shall describe below some of the contributions Li made to mathematics through his work in astronomy and calendar reform. First let us note his contributions as an historian. He assisted in compiling the official histories of the Jin and Sui dynasties. In the Jinshu (History of the Jin Dynasty) and Suishu (History of the Sui Dynasty) Li wrote the chapters on the developments in Chinese astronomy, astrology, metrology, and the mathematics of music through the relevant periods.

In 648 Li was appointed as director of the Imperial Astronomical Bureau. He also became editor-in-chief for a collection of mathematical treatises now called The Ten Classics a name given to them in 1084. The History of the T'ang records (see [5]):-

The astronomical observer Wang Sibian presented a memoir to the emperor reporting that the ten mathematical texts such as the Wucao suanjing or the Sunzi suanjing were riddled with mistakes and contradictions. As a consequence Li Chunfeng together with Liang Shu, an expert in mathematics from the ministry of education, and Wang Zhenru, a teacher from the national university and others were ordered by imperial decree to annotate the ten mathematical texts such as the Wucao suanjing or the Sunzi suanjing.

Later Li worked on the Linde calendar, which was introduced in 665 and used until 728. This calendar gave better results than the calendar it replaced in predicting the positions of the planets. There were long months of 30 days, short months of 29 days and, in addition, intercalary months. An intercalary month was added every three years to allow for the fact that a solar year has 365.2422 days while 12 lunar months of 29.5306 days contains 354.3672 days.

The quotation we gave above suggests that Li was given the task of correcting and annotating mathematical texts. Do we know of errors that he corrected? Yes, we do. To give an example, he corrected a mistake in Liu Hui's comment on the least common multiple of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 in Problem 11 of Chapter 4 of the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art, giving the correct answer 27720. In all he made 110 comments in the text of this work providing useful historical information as well as corrections. For example he gave Zu Geng's derivation of the volume of a sphere, then improved it by using π =²²/₇instead of π = 3. Li's comments in these texts are all clearly indicated (which is certainly not true for many other commentators). He begins each comment with the words (see for example [5]):-

Your servant, Chunfeng, and his collaborators comment respectfully on ...

Li did make some original contributions to mathematics although he is not particularly famous in this respect. His contributions arose through his astronomical work, in particular in computing the angular speed of the sun's apparent motion. He developed a method of finite differences in his computations which he used in his work on the Linde calendar.

We mentioned near the beginning of this article the influence of Taoist beliefs on Li. He wrote Commentary on and Introduction to the Gold Lock and Flowing Pearls, which was a book about Taoist practices. In the area of astrology he wrote Yisizhan in 645 which is a classic work of astrology which was important in the development of Chinese culture. It is generally accepted, but not absolutely certain, that Li also wrote the Massage-Chart Prophecies. This is a collection of sixty attempts to predict the future using numerology. The rather strange name came from the final poem in the book which says:-

1. P Y Ho, Li, Qi and Shu : An Introduction to Science and Civilization in China (Hong Kong, 1985).
2. P Y Ho, The Astronomical Chapters of the Chin Shu, with Amendments, Full Translation and Annotations (Paris, 1966).
3. Y Li and S Du, Chinese Mathematics : a Concise History (Oxford, 1986).
4. U Libbrecht, Chinese Mathematics in the Thirteenth Century : The Shu-shu chiu-chang of Ch'iu Chiu-shao (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1973).
5. J-C Martzloff, A history of Chinese mathematics (Berlin-Heidelberg, 1997).
6. J-C Martzloff, Histoire des mathématiques chinoises (Paris, 1987).
7. K Shen, J N Crossley and A W-C Lun, The nine chapters on the mathematical art : Companion and commentary (Beijing, 1999).

Articles:

1. M K Siu (trans. P Y H Pang), The story of calculus I, Math. Medley 23 (1) (1996), 28-32.