Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Teaching Methods
Teaching Strategies
Diachronic pragmatics
المؤلف:
Andreas Jacobs and Andreas H. Jucke
المصدر:
The historical; perspective in pragmatics
الجزء والصفحة:
13-1
16-4-2022
445
Diachronic pragmatics
While synchronic contrastive pragmatics compares the linguistic inventory and how it is used by communicators in different languages, diachronic pragmatics focuses on the linguistic inventory and its communicative use across different historical stages of the same language. Within the diachronic studies it is possible to distinguish two subtypes. Some studies may take a linguistic form (such as discourse markers, relative pronouns or lexical items) as a starting point in order to investigate the changing discourse meanings of the chosen element or elements while the other subtype takes the speech functions (such as a specific speech act or politeness) as their starting point in order to investigate the changing realizations of this function across time. We shall call the former approach diachronic form-to-function mapping and the latter diachronic function-to-form mapping.
One of the major problems of contrastive pragmatics - and hence also of diachronic pragmatics - is the tertium comparationis. Any comparison relies on an element that remains fixed. Krzeszowski (1984) suggests that formal, semantic, statistical, system or translation equivalence are inadequate concepts for contrastive analyses and that more subtle distinctions are required. A translation, for example, is not necessarily a good translation if it is formally equivalent to the original version. A good translation rather has to be pragmatically or functionally equivalent (Krzeszowski 1984: 303). Thus to analyze, for example, a particular discourse marker, i.e. the linguistic form, or a specific speech act, i.e. the speech function, at two stages of their development, we need to refer to the concept of pragmatic equivalence (cf. also Fillmore 1984; Kalisz 1986; Janicki 1990).
In both cases both the form and the function may change in the course of time, and therefore, there can be no hard and fast boundary between these two approaches (cf Fritz this volume). It is the perspective that differs, rather than any fundamental methodological issue.
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