UV-Visible Absorption Spectra

To understand why some compounds are colored and others are not, and to determine the relationship of conjugation to color, we must make accurate measurements of light absorption at different wavelengths in and near the visible part of the spectrum. Commercial optical spectrometers enable such experiments to be conducted with ease, and usually survey both the near ultraviolet and visible portions of the spectrum.

The visible region of the spectrum comprises photon energies of 36 to 72 kcal/mole, and the near ultraviolet region, out to 200 nm, extends this energy range to 143 kcal/mole. Ultraviolet radiation having wavelengths less than 200 nm is difficult to handle, and is seldom used as a routine tool for structural analysis.

The energies noted above are sufficient to promote or excite a molecular electron to a higher energy orbital. Consequently, absorption spectroscopy carried out in this region is sometimes called "electronic spectroscopy". A diagram showing the various kinds of electronic excitation that may occur in organic molecules is shown on the left. Of the six transitions outlined, only the two lowest energy ones (left-most, colored blue) are achieved by the energies available in the 200 to 800 nm spectrum. As a rule, energetically favored electron promotion will be from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), and the resulting species is called an excited state.

When sample molecules are exposed to light having an energy that matches a possible electronic transition within the molecule, some of the light energy will be absorbed as the electron is promoted to a higher energy orbital. An optical spectrometer records the wavelengths at which absorption occurs, together with the degree of absorption at each wavelength. The resulting spectrum is presented as a graph of absorbance (A) versus wavelength, as in the isoprene spectrum shown below. Since isoprene is colorless, it does not absorb in the visible part of the spectrum and this region is not displayed on the graph. Absorbance usually ranges from 0 (no absorption) to 2 (99% absorption), and is precisely defined in context with spectrometer operation.

اخر الاخبار

اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة

جمعية كشافة الكفيل: المجالس الحسينية تعلّم الفتية قيم نهضة الإمام الحسين (عليه السلام)

عَبرَ المجالس الحسينية.. المجمَع العلمي يقدّم محاضرات دينية وتلاوات قرآنية في بغداد والنجف وميسان

برعاية العتبة العباسية المقدسة.. موكب قناديل السماء يُحيي مراسم اليوم الثالث عشر من المحرّم

بعد انتهاء مراسم ذكرى دفن الأجساد الطاهرة قسم رعاية الصحن يباشر بحملة تنظيف واسعة لصحن مرقد أبي الفضل العباس (عليه السلام)

المزيد

الآخبار الصحية

اختراق علمي.. دواء يؤخر ظهور السكري من النوع الأول لسنوات

هذا ما يحدث لجسمك إن أهملت نظافة فراشك

لماذا تعتبر النساء أكثر عرضة للإصابة بألزهايمر من الرجال؟

لماذا يحذر الخبراء من الإفراط في تناول الفراولة؟

المزيد

الآخبار التكنلوجية

السيارات الكهربائية أنظف بنسبة 73% من سيارات الوقود

سيارة لوسِد الكهربائية تدخل "غينيس" بأطول مدى في العالم

نظرية جديدة تنسف كل ما نعرفه عن تشكل أول قارة في الأرض

منذ 37 ألف عام.. دراسة تكشف "أقدم أمراض" أصابت البشر

المزيد

مواضيع ذات صلة

Spectroscopic Properties of Alkynes

Spectroscopic Properties of Alkenes

Application of Chemical Shifts to Structure Determination

Correlations Between Structure and Chemical Shifts

Electronegativity and Chemical Shifts

Effects of Carbon Bond Type

Mass Spectroscopy

Hydrogen Bonding

Chemical Exchange

Proton-Proton Splittings and Conformational Analysis

Spin-Spin Splitting - What We Observe

Proton-Proton Splittings and Chemical Exchange