Virus detection methods: Cytology and Histology
المؤلف:
Patricia M. Tille, PhD, MLS(ASCP)
المصدر:
Bailey & Scotts Diagnostic Microbiology
الجزء والصفحة:
13th Edition , p805-807
2025-12-17
38
A readily available technique for detecting virus is cytologic or histologic examination for characteristic viral inclusions. This involves the morphologic study of cells or tissue, respectively. Viral inclusions are intracellular structures formed by aggregates of virus or viral components in an infected cell or abnormal accumulations of cellular materials resulting from virus-induced metabolic disruption. Inclusions occur in single or syncytial cells. Syncytial cells are aggregates of cells fused to form one large cell with multiple nuclei. Pap- or Giemsa-stained cytologic smears are examined for inclusions or syncytia. Inclusions resulting from infection with CMV, adenovirus, parvovirus, papillomavirus, and molluscum contagiosum virus are detected by histologic examination of tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin or Pap (see Figure 1, B through F). Less commonly, inclusions characteristic of measles and rabies viruses are detected by examining stained tissues (see Figure 1, G and H). Rabies virus inclusions in brain tissue are called Negri bodies. Cytology and histology are less sensitive than culture but are especially helpful for viruses that are difficult or dangerous to isolate in the laboratory, such as parvovirus and rabies virus, respectively.
Fig1. Viral inclusions. A, Pap-stained smear showing multinucleated giant cells typical of herpes simplex or varicella-zoster viruses. B, Hematoxylin and eosin (HE)–stained lung tissue containing intranuclear inclusion within enlarged cytomegalovirus (CMV)–infected cells. C, HE-stained lung tissue containing epithelial cells with intranuclear inclusions characteristic of adenovirus. D, HE-stained liver from stillborn fetus showing intranuclear inclusions in erythroblasts (extramedullary hematopoiesis) resulting from parvovirus infection. E, Pap stain of exfoliated cervicovaginal epithelial cells showing perinuclear vacuolization and nuclear enlargement characteristic of human papillomavirus infection. F, HE-stained epidermis filled with molluscum bodies, which are large, eosinophilic, cytoplasmic inclusions resulting from infection with molluscum contagiosum virus. G, HE-stained cells infected with measles virus. H, HE-stained brain tissue showing oval, eosinophilic rabies cytoplasmic inclusion (Negri body). (E and F from Murray PR, Kobayashi GS, Pfaller MA, et al, editors: Medical microbiology, ed 2, St Louis, 1994, Mosby.)
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