Solid-state NMR

The principal difficulty with the application of NMR to solids is the low-resolution characteristic of solid samples. Nevertheless, there are good reasons for seeking to overcome these difficulties. They include the possibility that a compound of interest is unstable in solution or that it is insoluble, so conventional solution NMR cannot be employed. Moreover, many species are intrinsically interesting as solids, and it is important to determine their structures and dynamics. Synthetic polymers are particularly interesting in this regard, and information can be obtained about the arrange ment of molecules, their conformations, and the motion of different parts of the chain. This kind of information is crucial to an interpretation of the bulk properties of the polymer in terms of its molecular characteristics. Similarly, inorganic substances, such as the zeolites that are used as molecular sieves and shape-selective catalysts, can be studied using solid-state NMR, and structural problems can be resolved that cannot be tackled by X-ray diffraction. Problems of resolution and linewidth are not the only features that plague NMR studies of solids, but the rewards are so great that considerable efforts have been made to overcome them and have achieved notable success. Because molecular rotation has almost ceased (except in special cases, including ‘plastic crystals’ in which the molecules continue to tumble), spin–lattice relaxation times are very long but spin–spin relaxation times are very short. Hence, in a pulse experiment, there is a need for lengthy delays—of several seconds—between successive pulses so that the spin system has time to revert to equilibrium. Even gathering the murky information may therefore be a lengthy process. Moreover, because lines are so broad, very high powers of radio frequency radiation may be required to achieve saturation. Whereas solution pulse NMR uses transmitters of a few tens of watts, solid-state NMR may require trans-mitters rated at several hundreds of watts.

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مواضيع ذات صلة

Units

Names of quantities

Working galvanic cells

Electrolysis

Experimental techniques

The rate laws

The electric potential at the interface

The structure of the interface

Catalytic activity at surfaces

Mechanisms of heterogeneous catalysis

Mobility on surfaces

The rate of desorption