A. Culture, Polymerase Chain Reaction, and Antigen Detection Assays

 PCR assays are used to detect circulating virus in blood, CSF, and urine. PCR assays can provide quantitative viral load data, which can be used to predict CMV disease in immunocompromised patients. Monoclonal antibodies against viral antigens can be used to detect virus-positive leukocytes from patients.

B. Isolation of Virus

Human fibroblasts are used for virus isolation attempts. The virus can be recovered most readily from tissues, body fluids, throat washings, and urine. In cultures, 2–3 weeks are usually needed for the appearance of cytologic changes, consisting of small foci of swollen, translucent cells with large intranuclear inclusions (see Figure 1C and D). Shell vial cultures allow for detection of CMV antigen using fluorescent antibodies prior to development of cytopathic effect for a more rapid diagnosis.

Fig1. Cytopathic effects induced by herpesviruses. A: Herpes simplex virus in HEp-2 cells (hematoxylin and eosin stain, 57×), with early focus of swollen, rounded cells. B: Varicella-zoster virus in human kidney cells (hematoxylin and eosin stain, 228×), with multinucleated giant cell containing acidophilic intranuclear inclusions (arrow). C: Cytomegalovirus in human fibroblasts (unstained, 35×) with two foci of slowly developing cytopathic effect. D: Cytomegalovirus in human fibroblasts (hematoxylin and eosin stain, 228×), showing giant cells with acidophilic inclusions in the nuclei (small arrow) and cytoplasm (large arrow), the latter being characteristically large and round. (Courtesy of I Jack; reproduced from White DO, Fenner FJ: Medical Virology, 3rd ed. Academic Press, 1986.)

C. Serology

Many types of assays can detect CMV IgG antibodies, indicative of past infection (and the potential to undergo reactivation). Detection of viral IgM antibodies suggests a recent infection. Serologic assays are not informative for immunocompromised patients. Furthermore, serologic techniques cannot distinguish strain differences among clinical isolates.

D. Resistance Testing

 CMV resistance testing involves sequencing of the viral kinase (UL97) and DNA polymerase (UL54) genes and com paring to a database of known resistance mutations. UL97 mutations can confer resistance to ganciclovir, while UL54 mutations can confer resistance to ganciclovir, cidofovir, and foscarnet.

اخر الاخبار

اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة

قسم العلاقات العامة ينظّم برنامجًا ثقافيًّا لوفد أكاديمي من جامعة كربلاء

قسم الشؤون الخدمية ينفّذ حملة لتنظيف محيط مرقد أبي الفضل العباس (عليه السلام)

معهد القرآن الكريم النسوي يواصل برنامج الختمات القرآنية الرمضانية

ضمن برنامج يبلغون.. محافظة المثنى تشهد إقامة 8 مجالس قرآنية رمضانية

المزيد

الآخبار الصحية

الماء المملح.. فائدة حقيقية أم "صيحة زائفة"؟

عادة بسيطة تدعم الصحة وتحافظ على الوزن المثالي

الغذاء النباتي يقلل مخاطر السرطان.. مع استثناء مهم

الحليب قليل أم كامل الدسم.. أيهما أفضل؟

المزيد

الآخبار التكنلوجية

أنثروبيك تتحدى البنتاغون.. وترامب يأمر بوقف التعامل معها

ميزة جديدة من "إنستغرام" لحماية المراهقين من الانتحار

الأولى من نوعها.. "تقنية مذهلة" في هاتف سامسونغ الجديد

لماذا تشعر المرأة بالألم أكثر من الرجل؟.. دراسة تجيب

المزيد

مواضيع ذات صلة

HIV Infections in Humans: Laboratory Diagnosis

HIV Infections in Humans :Clinical Findings

HIV Infections in Humans : Pathogenesis and Pathology

Animal Lentivirus Systems

Classification of Lentiviruses

Viral DNA Is Integrated into the Host-Cell Genome in Some Nonlytic Viral Growth Cycles

Lytic Viral Growth Cycles Lead to Death of Host Cells

Viral Capsids Are Regular Arrays of One or a Few Types of Protein

Structure and Composition of Lentiviruses

HERPESVIRUSES

POLYOMAVIRUSES

Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses