REHEARSAL

The recycling of material in the mind, with a view to retaining it longer. There are two types. Maintenance rehearsal involves refreshing information within working memory so as to keep it available for use. Elaborative rehearsal involves consolidating this information with a view to transferring it to long-term memory.

The two types of rehearsal are responsible for position effects in word recall tasks. In the primacy effect, words from the beginning of a list are recalled better because they have been subject to greater elaborative rehearsal. In the recency effect, words from the end of the list are recalled because they are still being supported by maintenance rehearsal.

 Maintenance rehearsal enables the listener or reader to store linguistic material short term. The purpose does not seem to be to support word recognition. Instead, we need to retain the verbatim form of an utterance in order to deal with sentences where it is difficult to impose a semantic or syntactic pattern until we reach the end. Maintenance rehearsal is critical to parsing sentences that are long or complex, have a non-standard word order or have difficult thematic relationships (in the form, for example, of a Passive verb).

Elaborative rehearsal plays an important part in learning situations (including rote learning). The greater the number of repetitions, it is believed, the greater the probability of successful storage. Evidence of this is found in an increased primacy effect when extra time is allowed for mastering a word list.

What is the form in which linguistic material is stored while it is being rehearsed? Researchers have investigated the question by asking subjects to remember lists of words– a process demanding elaborative rehearsal. They have discovered that successful recall declines when a list features words that take a long time to say. This happens regardless of whether the list is in spoken or written form, suggesting that written material is recoded into some kind of phonological form when it is held in store. Likewise, the phenomenon of ‘inner speech’ during reading (the impression of a voice in the head) suggests that a phonological form also features in maintenance rehearsal. Rehearsal is thus generally represented as involving a phonological mechanism (in Baddeley’s model a phonological loop) which handles both spoken and written input.

It may seem odd that written material needs to be recoded. One explanation is that information stored in phonological form is more robust; another is that it interferes less with the reading process.

Because rehearsal is phonological in form, simple tasks which involve speaking aloud (reciting numbers or even just repeating the word the) interfere with it. This effect, known as articulatory suppression, is widely used in research into rehearsal.

See also: Working memory

Further reading: Baddeley (1997); Gathercole and Baddeley (1993)

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مواضيع ذات صلة

RHYME

RESTRUCTURING

RESEARCH METHODS: EXPERIMENTAL

RESEARCH METHODS: APPROACHES

REPRESENTATIONAL CODES

REPAIR2 (also SELF-REPAIR)

REPAIR1

REDUNDANCY

RECURSIVENESS

READING SPEED

READING SPAN

READING: SKILLED