Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Passive and Active
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Teaching Methods
Teaching Strategies
Assessment
PROBABILITY
المؤلف:
John Field
المصدر:
Psycholinguistics
الجزء والصفحة:
P222
2025-09-29
40
PROBABILITY
The likelihood of a linguistic item being present.
Lexical probability. In many theories of lexical access, multiple candidates (possible matches) are activated once part of a word has been heard. For example, an initial syllable /f ə / might activate FORBID, FORGET, FERMENT, FORSAKE. The candidates are activated to different degrees, depending upon their frequency: FORGET is a strong candidate, FORSAKE a weaker one. Part of the process of word recognition thus involves an assessment by the listener of the probability that one particular item is present rather than any other. This can be represented in the formula: f / Σ f where f is the frequency of a particular candidate and Σ f is the sum of frequencies of all candidates.
Syntactic probability. A knowledge of syntactic structure often enables the listener or reader to guess the word-class of an upcoming item. For example, if the reader sees THE, the likelihood is that the next item will either be an adjective or a noun. If THE is followed by OLD, there is an even greater likelihood that a noun will follow. Once the NounPhrase is complete (THE OLD MAN) there is then a likelihood that the next item will be a verb. The extent to which currently available syntactic structure enables one to predict future constituents is known as transitional probability. The term can also refer to the collocationally determined predictability of a specific word: for example, one can say that FOR has a high transitional probability after the verb WAIT.
Many engineering solutions in Artificial Intelligence which simulate the parsing of text involve no semantic component but are based upon a corpus analysis which indicates how probable each lexical item is in the target genre and what syntactic patterns and word-class sequences are most prevalent. This enables the program to predict what will come next, with increasing degrees of success as a sentence proceeds.
الاكثر قراءة في Linguistics fields
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة

الآخبار الصحية
