immunoglobulin quantification
المؤلف:
Kathleen Deska Pagana, Timothy J. Pagana, Theresa Noel Pagana.
المصدر:
Mosbys diagnostic and laboratory test reference
الجزء والصفحة:
15th edition , p539-541
2025-06-22
479
Type of test Blood
Normal findings
Results vary by age and methods.
IgG (mg/dL) Adults: 565-1765 Children: 250-1600
IgA (mg/dL) Adults: 85-385 Children: 1-350
IgM (mg/dL) Adults: 55-375 Children: 20-200
IgD and IgE : Minimal
Test explanation and related physiology
Antibodies are made up of gamma globulin protein and are called immunoglobulins. There are many classes of immunoglobulins. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) constitutes approximately 75% of the serum immunoglobulins; therefore it constitutes the majority of circulating blood antibodies. IgA constitutes approximately 15% of the immunoglobulins in the body and is present primarily in secretions of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, in saliva, in colostrum, and in tears. IgA is also present to a smaller degree in the blood. IgM is primarily responsible for ABO blood grouping and rheumatoid factor; it is also involved in the immunologic reaction to many infections. IgM does not cross the placenta, so an elevation of IgM in a newborn indicates in utero infection (e.g., rubella, cytomegalovirus, or sexually transmitted disease). IgE often mediates an allergic response and is measured to detect allergic diseases. IgD, which constitutes the smallest part of the immunoglobulins, is rarely evaluated or detected.
Serum protein quantification is used to detect and monitor the course of hypersensitivity diseases, immune deficiencies, autoimmune diseases, chronic infections, and intrauterine fetal infections. Although electrophoresis is usually required to interpret an elevated immunoglobulin class as polyclonal versus monoclonal, immunofixation is usually required to characterize a monoclonal protein.
Increased serum immunoglobulin concentrations occur because of polyclonal or oligoclonal immunoglobulin proliferation in hepatic disease, connective tissue diseases, and acute and chronic infections. Elevation of immunoglobulins may occur in monoclonal gammopathies (e.g., multiple myeloma, primary systemic amyloidosis, and monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance). Decreased immunoglobulin levels are found in patients with acquired or congenital immune deficiencies. It can be used to monitor therapy and recurrence. Testing can determine the type of connective tissue disease, its severity, its clinical course, and its response to therapy.
Interfering factors
* Drugs that may cause increased immunoglobulin levels include hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide, tetanus toxoid/antitoxin, and gamma globulin.
Procedure and patient care
• See inside front cover for Routine Blood Testing.
• Fasting: no
• Blood tube commonly used: red
• Indicate on the laboratory slip if the patient has received any vaccinations or immunizations in the past 6 months.
Abnormal findings
Increased IgA levels
- Chronic liver diseases (e.g., primary biliary cirrhosis)
- Chronic infections
- Inflammatory bowel disease
Decreased IgA levels
- Ataxia or telangiectasia
- Congenital isolated deficiency
- Hypoproteinemia (e.g., nephrotic syndrome or protein-losing enteropathies)
- Immunosuppressive drugs (e.g., steroids, dextran)
Increased IgG levels
- Chronic granulomatous infections (e.g., tuberculosis, Wegener granulomatosis, sarcoidosis)
- Hyperimmunization reactions
- Chronic liver disease
- Multiple myeloma (monoclonal IgG type)
- Autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren disease, systemic lupus erythematosus)
- Intrauterine devices
Decreased IgG levels
- Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
- Agammaglobulinemia
- AIDS
- Hypoproteinemia (e.g., nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathies)
- Drug immunosuppression (e.g., steroids, dextran)
- Non-IgG multiple myeloma
- Leukemia
Increased IgM levels
- Waldenström macroglobulinemia
- Chronic infections (e.g., hepatitis, mononucleosis, sarcoidosis)
- Autoimmune diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis)
-Acute infections
- Chronic liver disorders (e.g., biliary cirrhosis)
Decreased IgM levels
- Agammaglobulinemia
- AIDS
- Hypoproteinemia (e.g., nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathies)
- Drug immunosuppression (e.g., steroids, dextran)
- IgG or IgA multiple myeloma
- Leukemia
Increased IgE levels
- Allergy reactions (e.g., hay fever, asthma, eczema, anaphylaxis)
- Allergic infections (e.g., aspergillosis or parasites)
Decreased IgE levels
- Agammaglobulinemia
الاكثر قراءة في التحليلات المرضية
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
