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اختر القسم
موافق
Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
literature
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Stabilization and expansion
المؤلف: Geoff P. Smith
المصدر: A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة: 712-40
2024-04-29
284
After the First World War, Germany ceased to be the colonial power, and a complex arrangement was put in place, whereby the former German territory came under a UN mandate, while the southern part of the mainland, formerly British New Guinea, became the Australian external territory of Papua. In practice, the two were administered as a single entity by the Australian administration. In the territory of New Guinea, Tok Pisin continued to spread and expand, while in Papua, another lingua franca based on a local Austronesian language developed into the most widely used medium of communication. This was known as Police Motu, due to its use by the police in administration, and is today known by the name of Hiri Motu. The hiri was a seasonal trading expedition in the Gulf of Papua, and while a simplified trade language may have been used for this, it is likely that the pidginized Motu used today is a separate development.
At independence in 1975, the language issue was tackled by giving three languages, English, Tok Pisin and Hiri Motu, the status of “national languages”, a rather vague concept which fell short of conferring on any the status of an official language. Prince Charles’ speech in Tok Pisin to the newly independent parliament was a notable milestone, and although his intonation and stress patterns made it clear that he was not a speaker, and even suggested that he did not really understand everything he was reading, the gesture was widely appreciated. The designation of Hiri Motu as a national language was more controversial, and the decision was undoubtedly influenced by widespread secessionist sentiment in the Papuan provinces in the time leading up to independence. Few people see Hiri Motu as a truly national language, and its role has decreased as Tok Pisin gains more currency in what was formerly Papua, now known as the Southern Region of the country. English is the language of education and much written communication in government and administration, but it is Tok Pisin which is the de facto national language, being used in an increasing number of domains and expanding its range.