x
هدف البحث
بحث في العناوين
بحث في المحتوى
بحث في اسماء الكتب
بحث في اسماء المؤلفين
اختر القسم
موافق
Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
literature
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Transitive suffix -Vm: vowel harmony
المؤلف: Christine Jourdan and Rachel Selbach
المصدر: A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة: 706-39
2024-04-27
75
As described on the morphology and syntax of Solomon Islands Pijin, Pijin transitive verbs are marked with a suffix -Vm, variously -em, -im or -um. As with insertion of paragogic vowels, the vowel in -Vm is selected with respect to rules of vowel harmony. The specific rules of harmony can again vary from one speaker to the next. One possible system is the one illustrated below, where roots containing mid and low vowels take -em as a suffix, but roots with high vowels will take the identical high vowel in the suffix,- im or -um.
Thus, while kat-, tek- and kol- become katem, tekem and kolem, /huk/ ‘to hook’ becomes /hukum/ ‘to hook something’ and /hit/ ‘to hit’ becomes /hitim/ ‘to hit someone’.
However, /baet/ ‘to bite’ becomes /baetim/ for some speakers and /baetem/ for others. Further, some streamlining common in the speech of young urban Pijin speakers may shorten the -Vm to /m/. Thus ansam ‘to give an answer’ instead of ansar-em, kalam ‘to colour something’ instead of kalar-em, etc.
There are more exceptions. While -em seems to function as the default suffix, - im appears more likely in neologisms such as fotokopim ‘to photocopy something’ and faksim ‘to fax something’. Nevertheless, it appears that -em is always a possible realization of the transitive suffix. In this respect again, /e/ is the underspecified vowel.
While the variation in the realization of the vowel in the transitivizing suffix is quite large, vowel harmony nevertheless determines the insertion of the vowel into the suffix whose vowel is underspecified for height or frontness. The quality of the vowels added to the stem is determined by the stem. This applies for epenthesis, paragogue and suffixation of the transitive marker.